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. 2017 Oct 3;7:12635. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12747-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Analysis of the cellular uptake of PF14/pDNA complexes and induction of autophagy using transmission electron microscopy. HeLa cells were incubated with PF14/pDNA nano-complexes (0.1 μg/ml CR 2) tagged with 10 nm colloidal gold particle (black dots) for 1 h (a,b) 4 h (c–f), 8 h (g,h) or 24 h (i,j). Localization of PF14/pDNA complexes (pointed by arrows) in early (a,b) and late endosomal organelles (c–f); in autophagosomes (g,h) and autolysosomes (i,j). The control cells were treated with 0.5 μM rapamycin for 24 h to promote the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes (k,l). Arrows point to PF14/pDNA nano-complexes in the particular organelles, and arrowheads show the fragmentary regions in the limiting membrane of endosomes. Scale bar is 200 nm.