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. 2017 Oct 3;7:12639. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13027-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Profiling and characterisation of sEVs derived from mineralising osteoblasts (MO-EVs). (a) Topographic profiling of sEVs using AFM under tapping mode revealed a heterogeneous population of spherical particles with sizes within the range previously obtained for osteoblast EVs (<300 nm). (b) Tunable resistive pulse sensing measurements revealed a mean particle size of 167 nm, with a maximum particle size of 340 nm. (c) DLS measurement also confirmed a largely mono-disperse population with a mean particle size of 157 nm. (d) Transmission electron micrograph identifying a heterogenous population of sEVs with white arrows identifying the presence of what appear to be membrane-associated condensations associated with mineral accumulation.

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