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. 2017 Oct 3;7:12615. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12667-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic of σ⁵⁴ (RpoN) and the molecular roadblock, RpoN*. (a) σ⁵⁴ (RpoN) is composed of three regions. Region III is highly conserved, and is necessary for recognizing and binding −24/−12 promoter elements. (b) Amino acid sequence of RpoN*. Peptide sequence includes AA376-400 of RpoN Region III from A. aeolicus and includes amino acids (▴) that specifically bind to the −24 promoter DNA. Point mutation (Y48A, asterisk) attenuates binding and transcriptional activity of RpoN*. (c) Schematic of the interaction between RpoN* and the −24 element of the σ⁵⁴ consensus promoter.