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. 2017 Oct 3;7:12615. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12667-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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RpoN* decreases biofilm formation in vitro. (a–d) Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) biofilm formation assay conducted in well bottoms of 6-well microtiter plates for 24 h and visualized by phase contrast microscopy at 200x. Strains used: P. aeruginosa PA14 wild type (a), empty vector (b), RpoN* (c), and Y48A* point mutant (d). Images shown are representative fields of view from two independent experiments with three technical replicates for each strain. (e) Biofilms formed in 96-well microtiter plates were stained with crystal violet, solubilized, and quantified at OD₅₅₀ (n = 28). Data presented as mean ± SEM. Student’s t test performed (****p ≤ 0.0001).