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. 2017 Sep 29;8:1239. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01239

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Copyright © 2017 Diotallevi, Checconi, Palamara, Celestino, Coppo, Holmgren, Abbas, Peyrot, Mengozzi and Ghezzi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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LPS activation of antiviral innate immunity is dependent on GSH. (A) Western blot for influenza virus proteins in RAW cells infected with PR8 or uninfected, after LPS treatment, with and without GSH depletion. β-Actin was used as loading control. Representative of two Western blots (N = 2 biological replicates). (B) Levels of NP viral protein in RAW cells pretreated with LPS, with and without GSH depletion. Representative of four Western blots (N = 8 biological replicates from two independent experiments). (C) Densitometric analysis expressed as the mean ± SD of the ratio NP/β-Actin from eight biological replicates from two independent experiments for a total of four Western blots. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 by two-tailed Student’s t-test. GSH, glutathione; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NP, nucleoprotein.