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. 2017 Oct 4;7:12651. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12855-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of SFN on tube formation of HUVECs and microvessel sprouting in mouse aortic rings. (A) Representative pictures from 3D co-culture of HUVECs and pericytes M2 at day 4 with SFN 0, 2.5, 10 µM. HUVEC were identified by immunodetection of CD31 (red), nuclei were stained (blue) and merged pictures are shown. Scale bar = 500 µm. (B) Total lengths of CD31 positive tubes were measured and expressed as mean ± SD (n ≥ 5), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared to control. (C) Dose response of SFN on microvessel sprouting from aortic rings embedded in collagen with DMSO (0.1%) as control. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n ≥ 5), **p < 0.01 compared to control. (D) Representative pictures from the immunofluorescent staining of aortic rings. Endothelial sprouts were stained with BS1-lectin-FITC (green), supporting cells were stained for α-smooth muscle actin (red), nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue) and merged pictures are shown. Scale bar = 100 µm.