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. 2017 Oct 4;7:12653. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12929-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In vivo effect of YC-1 + GI treatment on tumour xenografts. (a) Experimental schedule of the YC-1 + GI treatment. The day 58As9 cells were subcutaneously injected is indicated by a triangle. The daily ip injections are shown by green arrows. Tumours were harvested on day 15, which is indicated by a reticulated triangle. Doses of drug treatments including control, glucose, YC-1 and YC-1 + GI are shown in the blue square. (b) Western blot analysis of HIF-1α, cleaved-caspase3 and cleaved-PARP in tumour xenografts from control, GI, YC-1 and YC-1 + GI groups. (c) Tumours sizes in the control, GI, YC-1 and YC-1 + GI groups were estimated on the indicated days. Mean value ± SE of tumor volumes was calculated and plotted on the graph. (d) Pictures of tumours treated with YC-1 + GI, YC-1 or control. (e) Immunohistochemical analysis of HIF-1α, pimonidazole, cleaved-caspase3 and 8-OHdG expressions in xenograft tumours from control or YC-1 + GI mice. (f) Comparison of the number of positively-stained cells from HIF-1α, pimonidazole, cleaved-caspase3 and 8-OHdG immunohistochemistry between control and YC-1 + GI treatment. ns: not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.