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. 2017 Oct 4;7:12660. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12833-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Plasma concentration of interleukin-1α. The plasma concentration of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) before (baseline) and after remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC; n = 23, black bars) or the placebo protocol (n = 23, white bars) and before and after ischemic cardioplegic arrest, respectively, in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The plasma concentration of IL-1α was increased after ischemic cardioplegic arrest with RIPC and was greater with RIPC than with placebo (a). After normalization to baseline, the IL-1α plasma concentration was greater with RIPC than with placebo throughout the remaining protocol (b). *p < 0.05 versus baseline, ^#p < 0.05 versus before ischemic cardioplegic arrest, ⁺p < 0.05 versus RIPC using 2-way ANOVA for repeated measures, followed by Fisher’s post hoc tests.