Table 4.

METH-induced inflammatory response in the brain.

Species, METH dose	Time-points studied	Brain area	Data obtained	Reference
BALB/c mice 4 mg/kg × 4 times, every 2 hours	3 days	Striatum	Microgliosis shown by ↑CD11b immunoreactivity	Asanuma et al. 2004
Sprague-Dawley rats 10 mg/kg × 4 times, every 2 hours	72 hours	Striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum	Microgliosis shown by ↑peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) density	Escubedo et al. 1998
C57BL/6J mice, 30 mg/kg, single i.p. injection	30’	Striatum	↑IL-6 mRNA	Goncalves et al. 2008
		Hippocampus	↑TNF-α mRNA
		Frontal cortex	↑IL-6, TNF-α mRNA
	1 hour	Striatum,	↑IL-6 mRNA
		Hippocampus	↑IL-6 mRNA
		Frontal cortex	↑IL-6, TNF-α mRNA
	2 hours	Frontal cortex	↑IL-6 mRNA
C57BL/6J mice, 30 mg/kg, single i.p. injection	1, 24 hours	Hippocampus	Astrogliosis shown by ↑GFAP immunoreactivity, ↑GFAP protein levels Microgliosis shown by ↑CD11b immunoreactivity, ↑TNFR1 protein levels	Goncalves et al. 2010
	7 days	Hippocampus	Microgliosis shown by ↑CD11b immunoreactivity, ↑TNF-α protein levels
Wild-type mice 5 mg/kg × 3 times every 3 hours	1 day	Striatum	Astrogliosis shown by ↑GFAP immunoreactivity, Microgliosis shown by ↑Mac-1 and ↑Iba-1 immunoreactivity, ↑GFAP, ↑Iba-1, ↑TNF-α mRNA, ↑IL-15 immunoreactivity	Granado et al. 2011
Sprague-Dawley rats METH exposure for 15 h/day, 8 days METH intake up to 14.5 mg/kg/day	7 days	Striatum, Cortex	Astrogliosis shown by ↑GFAP protein levels	Krasnova et al. 2010
C57BL/6J mice 10 mg/kg × 4 times, every 2 hours	3, 14 days	Striatum	Microgliosis shown by ↑PBR density	Ladenheim et al. 2000
Sprague-Dawley rats 15 mg/kg × 4 times, every 2 hours	1–6 days	Striatum, parietal cortex, piriform cortex	Microgliosis shown by ↑OX42 immunoreactivity	LaVoie et al. 2004
C57BL/6J mice 1 mg/kg, i.p. for 7 days	72 hours	Striatum	↑IL-2 mRNA	Loftis et al. 2011
		Hippocampus	↑IL-1β, ↑IL-2, ↑IL-6 mRNA
		Frontal cortex	↓IL-1β mRNA
	3 weeks	Hippocampus	↑IL-1β, ↑L-10 mRNA
C57BL/6J X 129Sv/J mice, 45 mg/kg, i.p single injection	1 hour	Hypothalamus	↑IL-1β mRNA	Numachi et al. 2007
C57BL/6 mice 5 mg/kg × 4 times every 2 hours	48 hours	Striatum	Astrogliosis shown by ↑GFAP immunoreactivity Microgliosis shown by ↑ILB-4 immunoreactivity	Raineri et al. 2012
	6 days	Striatum	Astrogliosis shown by ↑GFAP immunoreactivity
Swiss Webster mice 5 mg/kg × 4 times every 2 hours	12, 24 hours 72 hours	Striatum Striatum	↑GFAP mRNA Astrogliosis shown by ↑GFAP immunoreactivity	Robson et al. 2014
C57BL/6J mice 40 mg/kg single i.p. injection	12 hours 24 hours 48–72 hours	Striatum	↑IL-1α mRNA ↑GFAP mRNA Astrogliosis shown by ↑GFAP protein levels	Thomas et al. 2004a
C57BL/6J mice 10 mg/kg × 4 times, every 2 hours	24–72 hours	Striatum	Microgliosis shown by ↑ILB4 immunoreactivity	Thomas et al. 2004b