Table 3.
Mean ± SD added sugar and sodium intake at follow-up according to baseline correlates
| Boys | Girls | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline child and household correlates | N | Added sugar, % of total Calories | Sodium, mg/1000 Calories | N | Added sugar, % of total Calories | Sodium, mg/1000 Calories |
| Child’s age | ||||||
| 3 y | 92 | 12.5 ± 7.3 | 1586 ± 375 | 99 | 12.6 ± 6.5 | 1601 ± 326 |
| 4 y or older | 156 | 13.2 ± 5.0 | 1599 ± 308 | 171 | 13.0 ± 6.1 | 1614 ± 336 |
| P value1 | 0.39 | 0.99 | 0.16 | 0.55 | ||
| Child’s race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 126 | 13.5 ± 6.0 | 1539 ± 308 | 139 | 12.4 ± 6.3 | 1562 ± 313 |
| Hispanic or not White | 123 | 12.3 ± 5.8 | 1661 ± 334 | 132 | 13.5 ± 6.2 | 1663 ± 347 |
| P value | 0.07 | 0.003 | 0.43 | 0.02 | ||
| Overweight/obese status | ||||||
| Not overweight/obese | 150 | 12.7 ± 5.5 | 1569 ± 345 | 194 | 12.8 ± 6.0 | 1587 ± 314 |
| Overweight/obese | 98 | 13.2 ± 6.5 | 1632 ± 315 | 76 | 13.1 ± 7.0 | 1666 ± 370 |
| P value | 0.66 | 0.12 | 0.78 | 0.03 | ||
| Physical activity, hours/wk | ||||||
| < 7 | 28 | 12.9 ± 5.5 | 1598 ± 301 | 26 | 13.6 ± 6.4 | 1609 ± 378 |
| 7 to <14 | 54 | 12.6 ± 5.5 | 1601 ± 324 | 70 | 13.1 ± 7.0 | 1625 ± 362 |
| 14 to <24 | 74 | 13.1 ± 5.8 | 1617 ± 328 | 79 | 12.7 ± 5.6 | 1651 ± 310 |
| ≥ 24 | 73 | 13.2 ± 6.6 | 1588 ± 376 | 63 | 12.4 ± 5.9 | 1598 ± 323 |
| P value | 0.56 | 0.70 | 0.61 | 0.67 | ||
| Screen time, hours/day | ||||||
| < 1.5 | 53 | 12.3 ± 4.3 | 1548 ± 313 | 62 | 11.6 ± 5.3 | 1576 ± 319 |
| 1.5 to <2.5 | 66 | 12.2 ± 5.7 | 1627 ± 308 | 82 | 13.1 ± 5.6 | 1679 ± 363 |
| 2.5 to <3.5 | 57 | 13.0 ± 5.4 | 1601 ± 424 | 56 | 13.2 ± 6.0 | 1616 ± 295 |
| ≥ 3.5 | 56 | 15.0 ± 7.7 | 1629 ± 284 | 47 | 14.1 ± 8.1 | 1610 ± 324 |
| P value | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.81 | ||
| Parent/guardian education level | ||||||
| Did not graduate HS | 36 | 13.2 ± 7.9 | 1623 ± 333 | 42 | 13.2 ± 7.3 | 1591 ± 355 |
| HS graduate/GED | 81 | 12.4 ± 5.6 | 1644 ± 318 | 92 | 12.5 ± 6.3 | 1626 ± 356 |
| Post-HS education | 134 | 13.2 ± 5.5 | 1560 ± 341 | 135 | 13.1 ± 6.0 | 1608 ± 313 |
| P value | 0.81 | 0.11 | 0.60 | 0.55 | ||
| Household income-to-needs ratio | ||||||
| Quartile 1, <0.47 | 46 | 12.0 ± 5.5 | 1587 ± 318 | 66 | 12.3 ± 5.9 | 1675 ± 311 |
| Quartile 2, ≥0.47 to <0.76 | 55 | 13.4 ± 5.0 | 1606 ± 405 | 58 | 14.6 ± 7.6 | 1629 ± 333 |
| Quartile 3, ≥0.76 to <1.12 | 56 | 13.8 ± 7.4 | 1631 ± 316 | 55 | 13.1 ± 6.1 | 1557 ± 336 |
| Quartile 4, ≥1.12 | 52 | 13.8 ± 6.1 | 1583 ± 305 | 55 | 12.1 ± 5.3 | 1599 ± 333 |
| P value | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.94 | 0.07 | ||
| Parent/guardian CES-D score | ||||||
| < 16, not depressed | 168 | 12.5 ± 4.9 | 1609 ± 344 | 163 | 13.0 ± 6.0 | 1597 ± 305 |
| ≥ 16, depressed | 65 | 14.6 ± 7.6 | 1588 ± 317 | 80 | 12.9 ± 6.8 | 1688 ± 365 |
| P value | <0.0001 | 0.14 | 0.47 | 0.07 | ||
1Each P value is from a separate linear mixed effects models with added sugar (% of Calorie) or sodium (mg/1000 Calories) as the outcome, the continuous variable (for ordinal characteristics) as the exposure, and total energy intake at follow-up. For nominal variables, a type III F test was used. A random intercept was specified to account for clustering by classroom