Figure 5.

The Venn diagram analyses demonstrate that various diseases may modulate uremic toxin generation in specific or shared manners; and that immune pathways regulate uremic toxin generations in specific or shared manners. A. Not only chronic kidney disease, but also other metabolic diseases upregulate uremic toxins. Chronic kidney disease shares the upregulation of uremic toxins with other metabolic diseases differentially. B. Innate immune sensor cytokines, and adaptive immune cell pathways differentially regulate the generations of uremic toxins.