Table 1.
116 uremic toxins, in four groups, experimentally identified in the plasma of patients with chronic kidney disease
| Toxin | Receptors | HMDB | PubChem ID | Gene ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1. small molecule (53) (<500Daltons) | ||||
| 1-Methyladenosine | -- | 03331 | 27476 | --1 |
| 1-Methylguanosine | -- | 01563 | 96373 | -- |
| 1-Methylinosine | -- | 02721 | 65095 | -- |
| 8-OH-2′Deoxyguanosine | -- | 03333 | -- | -- |
| Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) | -- | 01539 | 123831 | -- |
| Arabinitol | -- | 01851 | 439255 | -- |
| Argininic acid | -- | 03148 | 160437 | -- |
| Benzyl alcohol | -- | 03119 | 244 | -- |
| Creatine | -- | 00064 | 586 | -- |
| Creatinine | -- | 00562 | 588 | -- |
| Cytidine | -- | 00089 | 6175 | -- |
| Dimethylglycine | -- | 00092 | 673 | -- |
| Dimethylguanosine | -- | 04824 | 92919 | -- |
| Erythritol | -- | 02994 | 222285 | -- |
| Guanidine | -- | 01842 | 3520 | -- |
| Guanidinoacetate | -- | 00128 | 763 | -- |
| Guanidinosuccinate | -- | 03157 | 439918 | -- |
| Hypoxanthine | -- | 00157 | 790 | -- |
| Inosine | A2AR, A2R | 00195 | 6021 | -- |
| Malondialdehyde | -- | 06112 | 10964 | -- |
| Mannitol | -- | 00765 | 6251 | -- |
| Methylguanidine | -- | 01522 | 10111 | -- |
| Myoinositol | -- | 00211 | 892 | -- |
| N1-Methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide | -- | 04193 | 69698 | -- |
| Nitrosodimethylamine | -- | 31419 | 6124 | -- |
| N2,N2-Dimethylguanosine | -- | 04824 | 92919 | -- |
| N4-Acetylcytidine | -- | 05923 | 107461 | -- |
| N6-carbamoyl-Threonyladenosine | -- | 41623 | -- | -- |
| N6-Methyladenosine | -- | 04044 | 102175 | -- |
| Orotic acid | -- | 00226 | 967 | -- |
| Orotidine | -- | 00788 | 92751 | -- |
| Oxalate | -- | 02329 | 971 | -- |
| Phenylacetylglutamine | -- | 06344 | 92258 | -- |
| Pseudouridine | -- | 00767 | 15047 | -- |
| Phenylethylamine | -- | 12275 | 1001 | -- |
| Sorbitol | -- | 00247 | 5780 | -- |
| Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) | -- | 03334 | 169148 | -- |
| Thiocyanate | -- | 01453 | 9322 | -- |
| Taurocyamine | -- | 03584 | 68340 | -- |
| Threitol | -- | 04136 | 169019 | -- |
| Thymine | -- | 00262 | 1135 | -- |
| Trimethylamine | -- | 00906 | 1146 | -- |
| Uracil | -- | 00300 | 1174 | -- |
| Urea | -- | 00294 | 1176 | -- |
| Uric acid | -- | 00289 | 1175 | -- |
| Uridine | -- | 00296 | 6029 | -- |
| Xanthine | -- | 00292 | 1188 | -- |
| Xanthosine | -- | 00299 | 64959 | -- |
| α-N-Acetylarginine | -- | 04620 | -- | -- |
| γ-Guanidinobutyrate | -- | 03464 | 500 | -- |
| Nitrosomethylamine | -- | -- | 148811 | -- |
| α-keto-δ-Guanidinovaleriate | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| β-Guanidinopropionate | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Group 2. protein-bound molecule (30) | ||||
| Carboxy methyl propyl furanpropionic acid (CMPF) | -- | 61112 | 123979 | -- |
| Urea | -- | 00294 | 1176 | -- |
| Homocysteine | -- | 00742 | 778 | -- |
| Hydroquinone | -- | 02434 | 785 | -- |
| Indole-3-acetate | -- | 00197 | 802 | -- |
| Indoxyl sulfate | -- | 00682 | 10258 | -- |
| Interleukin-18 | Il-18R | -- | -- | 3606 |
| Interleukin-6β | IL-6R | -- | -- | 3569 |
| Interleukin-1β | IL-1R | -- | -- | 3553 |
| Leptin | LEPR/OBR | -- | 90470904 | 3952 |
| Melatonin | MT1 MT2, RZR/ROR | 01389 | 896 | -- |
| Methylglyoxal | -- | 01167 | 880 | -- |
| p-Creso | -- | 01858 | 2879 | -- |
| Pentosidine | RAGE | 03933 | 119593 | -- |
| Phenol | -- | 00228 | 996 | -- |
| Phenylacetic acid | -- | 00209 | 999 | -- |
| Putrescine | -- | 01414 | 1045 | -- |
| Quinolinic acid | -- | 00232 | -- | -- |
| Retinol binding protein | -- | -- | -- | 5950 |
| Spermidine | -- | 01257 | 1102 | -- |
| Spermine | -- | 01256 | 1103 | -- |
| Tumor necrosis factor-α | TNFR | -- | -- | 7124 |
| 2-Methoxyresorcinol | -- | -- | 121805 | -- |
| 3-Deoxyglucosone | -- | -- | 114839 | -- |
| Fructoselysine | -- | -- | 49859675 | -- |
| Glyoxal | -- | -- | 7860 | -- |
| Kinurenine | AHR | -- | 846 | -- |
| Kinurenic acid | GPR35 | -- | 3845 | -- |
| Nε-Carboxymethyllysine | -- | -- | 123800 | -- |
| p-OHhippurate | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Group 3. Middle molecule (4) (>500Daltons) | ||||
| Hyaluronic acid | GP85/CD44 | 02061 | 24728612 | -- |
| Octopamine | Octβ2R | 04825 | 4581 | -- |
| Dinucleoside polyphosphates | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Uridineadenosine tetraphosphate (Up4Ab) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Protein/peptide based (35) (>500 Daltons) | ||||
| Substance P | GPCR, NK-1R, NK-2R, NK-3R | 01897 | 36511 | -- |
| Adrenomedullin | CRLR | -- | 56841671 | 133 |
| Calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) | CALCRL, RAMP1 | -- | 56841902 | 796, 797 |
| Ghrelin | GHSR1a | -- | 44576256 | 51738 |
| Guanilin | -- | -- | 90488722 | 2980 |
| Leptin | LEPR/OBR | -- | 90470904 | 3952 |
| Orexin A | OX1R, OX2R | -- | 56842143 | 3060 |
| Parathyroid hormone | PTH1R | -- | 16129682 | 5741 |
| Uroguanylin | GC-C, GC-D | -- | 5488765 | 2981 |
| Vasoactive intestinal peptide | VPAC1, VPAC2 | -- | 16129679 | 7432 |
| Adiponectin | AdipoR1, AdipoR2 | -- | -- | 9370 |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide | NPR1, NPR2, NPR3 | -- | -- | 4878 |
| Basic fibroblast growth factor | bFGF-R1, bFGF-R2 | -- | -- | 2247 |
| Cholecystokinin | CCK1R, CCK2R | -- | -- | 885 |
| Clara cell protein | -- | -- | -- | 7356 |
| Complement factor D | -- | -- | -- | 1675 |
| Cystatin C | -- | -- | -- | 1471 |
| Endothelin | ETA, ETB1, ETB2, ETC | -- | -- | 1906 |
| Hepcidin | ferroportin | -- | -- | 744861 |
| Interleukin-18 | Il-18R | -- | -- | 3606 |
| Interleukin-6β | IL-6R | -- | -- | 3569 |
| Interleukin-1β | IL-1R | -- | -- | 3553 |
| Motiline | -- | -- | -- | 4295 |
| Neuropeptide Y | NPY1R, NPY2R, NPY3R, NPY4R, NPY5R, NPY6R, | -- | -- | 4852 |
| Retinol binding protein | -- | -- | -- | 5950 |
| Tumor necrosis factor-α | TNFR | -- | -- | 7124 |
| β2-Microglobulin | -- | -- | -- | 567 |
| κ-Ig Light chain | -- | -- | -- | 3514 |
| λ-Ig Light chain | -- | -- | -- | 3535 |
| Des-acylghrelin (DAG) | -- | -- | 90488789 | -- |
| Methionine-enkephalin | -- | -- | 6427062 | -- |
| δ-Sleep-inducing peptide | -- | -- | 3623358 | -- |
| degranulation-inhibiting protein-I, (DIP I) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| β-Endorphin | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| β-Lipotropin | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Group 4. microbe-associated toxins (15)2 (<500Daltons) | ||||
| Creatinine | -- | 00562 | 588 | -- |
| Guanidine | -- | 01842 | 3520 | -- |
| Urea | -- | 00294 | 1176 | -- |
| Indole-3-acetate | -- | 00197 | 802 | -- |
| Indoxyl sulfate | -- | 00682 | 10258 | -- |
| p-Creso | -- | 01858 | 2879 | -- |
| Phenol | -- | 00228 | 996 | -- |
| Phenylacetic acid | -- | 00209 | 999 | -- |
| Phenylacetylglutamine | -- | 06344 | 92258 | -- |
| Pentosidine3 | RAGE | 03933 | 119593 | -- |
| Putrescine3 | -- | 01414 | 1045 | -- |
| Spermidine3 | -- | 01257 | 1102 | -- |
| Spermine3 | -- | 01256 | 1103 | -- |
| Trimethylamine | -- | 00906 | 1146 | -- |
| Uric acid3 | -- | 00289 | 1175 | -- |
1
The IDs of the uremic toxins are not available in the databases.
2
they are normal metabolites of tryptophan, but the increased excretion in uremia is from bacterial degradation.
Reference PubMed ID: 19234110, PMID 19946322, PMID 25198138.
3
the five uremic toxins are generated both in body tissue and in bacterial