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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biomaterials. 2017 Mar 15;129:54–67. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.013

Table 1.

Anulus fibrosus repair

Method Description Results Reference(s)
Suture repair methods
XClose™ tissue repair Polymeric suture with soft tissue anchors Reduced recurrent disc herniation rate up to 2 years; no adverse events 124
Barricaid™ Polymer mesh with titanium anchor to vertebral body rim At 2-year follow-up, tear closure was associated with no recurrent disc herniation and maintenance of disc height 125
Patch- or void-filling methods
PTMC scaffold covered with a sutured PU membrane Human MSCs Restored disc height in IVD degeneration model and prevented recurrent NP herniation; MSCs seeded onto PTMC had elevated markers of AF phenotype 126
Porous silk fibroin Bovine AF cells Cells attached and produced matrix; conjugation with RGD peptide had no effect on cell attachment or morphology 111
Electrospun PCL Bovine AF cells Reproduced the anisotropic, angle-ply laminate structure of AF; cells aligned along predominant fiber direction; integration was shown with engineered NP in vivo 80, 81, 115
BMG with PPCLM Murine AF cells Supported AF cell survival, alignment, and matrix accumulation; stiffness and degradation was adjusted by postpolymerization time; gelatin component assisted integration and tensile strength 127
POM Murine AF cells Supported cell infiltration, elongation, and matrix accumulation; tensile strength and degradation time increased with polymerization time 128
PDLLA/Bioglass Human AF cells Foam supported cell cultures and supported cell proliferation and sGAG, collagen type I and collagen type II production 129
Electrospun PU and PCL Bovine AF cells Electrospinning increased “yield strain,” promoted AF cell phenotype with retention of collagen and glycosaminoglycan compared with films 130
Fibrin cross-linked with genipin Human AF cells Demonstrated suitable mechanical properties that restored compressive properties to IVD; promoted adhesion and elongation; maintained viability of cell population; had a slower in vitro degradation rate 131
Photochemically crosslinked collagen in shape of needle Placed following intradiscal delivery of MSCs in microsphere carriers Restored compressive properties to IVD, reduced cell leakage, withstood torsional push-out test. In rabbit model, needle shape revealed placement of the device 69
Collagen cross-linked with riboflavin No cells Retained in defect under loading and contributed to restored compressive moduli of IVD 132

Abbreviations: AF, annulus fibrosus; BMG composite bone gelatin; IVD, intervertebral disc; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; NA, not applicable; NP, nucleus pulposus PCL, poly(ε-caprolactone); PDLLA: poly-D,L-lactic acid; POM, poly(1,8-octanediol malate); PPCLM, poly(poly-caprolactone triol malate); PTMC; poly(trimethylene carbonate); PU; poly(ester-urethane); RGD, arginylglycylaspartic acid; sGAG: sulfated glycosaminoglycans.