Table 1. Flagellin as an adjuvant.
| Antigen/disease agent | Model/route | Immune response | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacterial pathogens | |||
| Salmonella dublin flagellin- Schistosoma mansoni 9B-surface antigen | Mice/i.n. | Humoral response, significant protection against in vivo challenge | 138 |
| Maltose-binding protein (MBP) of C. jejuni-flagellin | Mice/i.n. | Systemic and mucosal Ab production, protection against heterologous challenge | 139 |
| E. coli heat stable enterotoxin-flagellin | Mice/oral | Ab production | 73 |
| Y. pestis F1 antigen+flagellin or flagellin+Y. pestis F1-V fusion protein | Mice, non-human primate/i.n., i.m., intratracheally | Robust antigen-specific IgG Ab response, Th2 type immune response, protection against in vivo virulent Y. pestis challenge | 45 |
| Flagellin+tetanus toxoid | Mice/i.n. | Systemic and mucosal Ab production (IgG and IgA), protection against lethal dose of tetanus toxin | 75 |
| Flagellin-p27 antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Mice/i.m. | Ab production, Th1 immune response | 140 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprF epitope 8-OprI-flagellin fusion proteins | Mice/i.m. | Humoral response, protection against challenge | 141 |
| Recombinant Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA)-flagellin (FlaB–PspA) | Mice/i.n. | Systemic IgG and mucosal IgA response, protection against lethal challenge, enhances cross-protective immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection | 77 |
| Recombinant FimH-flagellin | Mice/s.c. | Ab production, Th2-biased immune response, significant reduction in colonization of bladder by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) | 142 |
| DNA encoded flagellin+Ag85B of M. tuberculosis | Mice/i.m. | Enhanced T-cell responses to Ag85B, significant protection against pathogenic aerosolized M. tuberculosis challenge, boosting through intranasal route resulted in pulmonary inflammation and transient weight loss | 143 |
| Flagellin-Lumazine synthetase (BSL) | Mice/i.p. | Efficient anti-BSL humoral immune responses | 144 |
| Viral diseases | |||
| Flagellin-Influenza epitopes | Human-mice radiation chimera/i.n. | Ab production, protection against lethal challenge | 16 |
| Flagellin (STF2D)-EIII domain of WNV envelope protein | Mice/s.c., i.p. | IgG response, protection against lethal challenge | 72 |
| Flagellin-Influenza Virus-Like Particles | Mice/i.m. | Th1 immune response, protection against both homologous and heterologous viral challenge | 131 |
| Vaccinia virus-flagellin fusion proteins; L1R-flagellin and B5R-flagellin | Mice/i.m. | Humoral response and protection against challenge | 145 |
| Flagellin+whole inactivated A/PR/8/34 (PR8) virus | Mice/i.n. | Ab protection (IgG2a, IgG2b, IgA), protection against homologous lethal challenge | 43 |
| Flagellin-VLPs of HIV | Guinea pig/i.m., i.n. | Enhanced systemic and mucosal immune response, increased neutralized antibodies | 146 |
| Inactivated FMDV antigen+flagellin | Guinea pig/i.d. | Protected the animals against homotypic viral challenge, Th1-biased immune response | 42 |
| Flagellin-VLPs of rabies | Mice, dog/i.m. | Faster and enhanced virus-neutralizing Ab induction, increased CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, production of strong IgG2a-specific response, protection against virus challenge | 147 |
| Parasitic pathogens | |||
| Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein-1 (MSP1) either admixed or fused to flagellin | Mice/s.c., i.n. | Elicited strong and long-lasting MSP-1-specific systemic Ab responses | 148 |
| Recombinant Flagellin-circumsporozoite (CS) peptide of Plasmodium yoelii or flagellin+synthetic peptide | Mice/oral | Elicitation of CS peptide-specific CD8+ T cells | 149 |
| Recombinant malarial CS protein (MSP-119)-C-terminal end of FliC | Mice, rabbit/s.c. | Systemic Ab production, Th2-biased immune response, antibodies inhibit in vitro growth of the parasite | 79 |
| Recombinant immune mapped protein-1 (IMP1) of Eimeria tenella-truncated FliC | Poultry/i.m. | Stronger cellular immune responses, reduced oocyst output and cecal lesions | 150 |
| Miscellaneous agents | |||
| Flagellin-EGFP fusion protein | Mice/s.c. | Antigen-specific T-cell responses | 151 |
| Flagellin-OVA fusion protein (STF2.OVA) | Mice/s.c. | IgG1 and IgG2a responses, CD8+ T-cell response | 152 |
| Chitosan-DNA nanoparticles carrying flaA gene of C. jejuni | White Leghorn/i.n. | Systemic and mucosal Ab production, protection against homologous challenge, significantly reduced bacterial load in intestines | 76 |
| Lyophilized plant powder containing flagellin +OVA | Mice/oral | Systemic and mucosal Ab response, mixed Th1 and Th2 response | 93 |
| DNA encoded flagellin+OVA | Mice/i.d., i.m., i.n. | Systemic and mucosal antibody production and Th1 response | 153 |
| Flagellin displaying cocaine hapten, GNE | Mice/s.c. | Dose-dependent stimulation of anti-GNE Ab production | 154 |
Abbreviations: Ab, antibody; i.d., intradermal; i.n., intranasal; i.m., intramuscular; i.p., intraperitoneal; s.c., subcutaneous.