Table 2. Flagellin as an anti-tumor agent.

Treatment	Model/route	Effect	References
Flagellin+D2F2 tumor cells	Mice/s.c.	Increased IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, decreased frequency of Treg cells, significant reduction of tumor growth, CD8+ cytotoxic immune response	103
Flagellin+CpG motifs	Mice/s.c.	Promoted Th1 polarization, synergism between TLR5 and TLR9, complete remission of tumor growth	103
Flagellin treatment	Mice/i.p.	Protection against radiation, induction of radioprotective genes	27
TLR5 activation on breast cancer cells	Mice/i.v., mammary fat pads	Neutrophil infiltration in vivo, increased autophagy protein MAP1S in cancer cells, autophagy of cancer cells, inhibited tumor growth in vivo	155, 156
Salmonella enteritidis serovar Typhimurium infection	In vitro	Apoptosis of adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells A549 in vitro	157
Flagella-based MUC1 vaccines	Balb/c, or human MUC1 transgenic mice	Flagellin increased higher efficiency of therapeutic activity of MUC1-based vaccines, significant reduction in size and growth rate of the tumor, lowered number of metastases, expanded life span of vaccinated mice	158
Flagellin+glucose-regulated protein 170 (Grp170)	Mice	Protection against melanoma, colon and prostate cancer, induction of potent CD8+ T-cell responses	109
Flagellin+E6/E7 peptide of papillomavirus	Mice/s.c.	Elicitation of tumor-specific IFN-γ producing CD8+T cells, retarded in vivo tumor growth, prolonged survival	117
Flagellin-derived TLR5 agonist, CBLB502	Mice/i.v.	Protected mice from tumor death, increased NK cell and CD8+ cytotoxic activities, clinical trial in patients with advanced solid tumors is currently ongoing	111
Flagellin+P10 peptide of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis	Mice/i.n.	Activation of tumor-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes, marked reduction of lung nodules, significant increase in survival, protection against metastatic melanoma growth after adoptive transfer	159

Abbreviations: i.n., intranasal; i.p., intraperitoneal; i.v., intravenous; s.c., subcutaneous.