Table 1.
Yeast isolates obtained from the dung of various wild herbivores. Isolates were evaluated for their ability to grow at elevated temperatures, in the presence of acetic acid and furfural and for their ability to ferment xylose. Ethanol and xylitol data are reported at the end of fermentation when xylose was depleted or not consumed further. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of 3 repeats.
| Dung source | Yeast name | Temperature (°C) | Acetic acid (g/L) | Furfural (g/L) | Ethanol (g/L) | Xylitol (g/L) | Fermentation time (h) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buffalo | Candida xylanilytica KP6my | 40 | 1 | 1 | – | 1.6 ± 0.06 | 48 |
| Candida xylanilytica KP6.2ey | 42 | 1 | 0 | 1.5 ± 0.15 | – | 48 | |
| Cryptococcus laurentii KP23ey | 40 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 48 | |
| Trichosporon jirovecii KP6.1ey | 40 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 48 | |
| Dassie | Pichia kudriavzevii KP34ey | 35 | 3 | 1 | 2.3 ± 0.03 | nd | 48 |
| Elephant | Candida tropicalis KP21ey | 40 | 2 | 1 | – | 11.6 ± 0.69 | 48 |
| Cryptococcus laurentii KP2.2ay | 40 | 1 | 1 | – | 8.4 ± 0.36 | 48 | |
| Candida tropicalis KP2.1ay | 40 | 1 | 1 | – | 1.0 ± 0.12 | 96 | |
| Cryptococcus laurentii KP40ey | 37 | 0 | 0 | – | 12.8 ± 0.3 | 96 | |
| Cryptococcus laurentii KP39ey | 40 | 1 | 1 | – | 1.2 ± 0.11 | 72 | |
| Cryptococcus laurentii KP36ey | 40 | 1 | 1 | – | 0.9 ± 0.17 | 96 | |
| Cryptococcus laurentii Kp28ey | 40 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 120 | |
| Cryptococcus laurentii KP25ey | 40 | 1 | 0 | – | 0 | 96 | |
| Cryptococcus laurentii KP2.1ey | 35 | 1 | 0 | – | 6.5 ± 1.2 | 48 | |
| Cryptococcus laurentii Kp16ey | 40 | 1 | 1 | – | 0 | 96 | |
| Ogataea methanolica KP2ey | 35 | 1 | 1 | 1.4 ± 0.09 | 2.0 ± 0.23 | 72 | |
| Impala | Aureobasidium sp. KP22ey | 40 | 0 | 0 | – | 1.7 ± 0.02 | 96 |
| Cryptococcus laurentii Kp4ey | 40 | 0 | 1 | – | 0.9 ± 0.05 | 96 | |
| Cryptococcus laurentii KP45ey | 40 | 1 | 1 | – | 0 | 48 | |
| Cryptococcus laurentii KP3ey | 40 | 1 | 1 | – | 1.7 ± 0.05 | 96 | |
| Cryptococcus laurentii KP31ey | 30 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 72 | |
| Cryptococcus laurentii KP29ey | 42 | 1 | 0 | – | 1.2 ± 0.04 | 72 | |
| Cryptococcus laurentii KP26ey | 40 | 2 | 2 | – | 0 | 96 | |
| Klipspringer | Cryptococcus laurentii KP35ey | 40 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 96 |
| Kudu | Cryptococcus laurentii KP20ey | 40 | 1 | 1 | – | 0 | 72 |
| Rhino | Candida tropicalis KP47ey | 40 | 2 | 0 | – | 13.7 ± 0.5 | 96 |
| Candida tropicalis KP43ey | 42 | 2 | 1 | 1.4 ± 0.03 | 4.3 ± 0.63 | 72 | |
| Candida tropicalis KP42ey | 40 | 2 | 1 | 1.2 ± 0.08 | 12.8 ± 0.3 | 72 | |
| Trichosporon scarabaeorum KP42.2ny | 37 | 0 | 0 | – | 0.9 ± 0.04 | 48 | |
| Trichosporon scarabaeorum KP42.1ny | 37 | 0 | 0 | – | 8.8 ± 0.14 | 96 | |
| Wildbees | Candida tropicalis KP46ey | 30 | 0 | 0 | 1.9 ± 0.19 | 9.1 ± 0.29 | 48 |
| Zebra | Candida albicans KP48ey | 40 | 0 | 0 | – | 1.0 ± 0.12 | 96 |
| Cryptococcus laurentii KP9ey | 40 | 1 | 1 | – | 2.0 ± 0.23 | 96 | |
| Cryptococcus laurentii KP48ny | 37 | 0 | 0 | – | 7.9 ± 0.06 | 48 | |
| Cryptococcus laurentii Kp32ey | 40 | 0 | 1 | – | – | 120 | |
| Cryptococcus laurentii KP18ey | 37 | 1 | 1 | – | 0.9 ± 0.08 | 120 |
Nd – not determined.