Table 1.

Characterization of compounds in different Panax flower products by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS

	Identification	TR (min)	formula for M	[M-H]−			Fragment ions	Sample items
				Measured mass	Calculated mass	Accuracy (ppm)
1	20-glc-Rf	2.427	C48H82O19	961.5419	961.5372	4.89	1,007.5474[M+HCOO]− 799.4831 [M-H-Glc]− 781.4760 [M-H-Glc-H2O]−	FPG, FPQ
2	Noto- ginsenoside R1	4.363	C47H80O18	931.5261	931.5266	−0.54	977.5313[M+HCOO]− 799.4895 [M-H-Xyl]− 637.4288 [M-H-Xyl-Glc]− 475.3760 [M-H-Xyl-2Glc]−	FPG, FPQ
3	Rg1	5.191	C42H72O14	799.4950	799.4944	0.75	845.4980 [M+HCOO]− 637.4353 [M-H-Glc]−	FPG, FPQ
4	Re	5.911	C48H82O18	945.5502	945.5423	8.35	991.5539 [M+HCOO]− 783.4907 [M-H-Glc]− 637.3346 [M-H-Glc-Rha]− 475.3819 [M-H-2Glc-Rha]−	FPG, FPQ
5	Malonyl-Rg1	5.923	C45H74O17	885.4899	885.4848	5.80	841.5217 [M-H-CO2]− 781.4969 [M-H-Mal-H2O]− 637.4317 [M-H-Mal-Glc]− 619.4258 [M-H-Ma-Glc-H2O]−	FPG, FPQ
6	Malonyl- Re	7.027	C51H84O21	1,031.5496	1,031.5427	6.69	987.5598 [M-H-CO2]− 927.5385 [M-H-Mal-H2O]− 783.4634 [M-H-Mal-Glc]− 637.4251 [M-H-Mal-2Glc]− 475.3643[M-H-Mal-2Glc-Rha]−	FPG, FPQ
7	Rf	11.322	C42H72O14	799.4850	799.4844	0.75	845.4896 [M+HCOO]−	FPG
8	P-F11	11.322	C42H72O14	799.4850	799.4844	0.75	845.4896 [M+HCOO]−	FPQ
9	20(R/S)-Rg2	12.475	C42H72O13	783.4863	783.4895	−4.08	829.4919[M+HCOO]− 637.4288 [M- H-Rha]− 475.3748 [M-H-Rha-Glc]−	FPG, FPQ
10	RF3	13.178	C41H70O13	769.4735	769.4738	−3.90	815.4805 [M+HCOO]−	FPG
11	Ra3	13.158	C59H100O27	1,239.6443	1,239.6374	5.57	1,285.6537[M+HCOO]−	FPN
12	Ra1/ Ra2/isomer	14.020	C58H98O26	1,209.6318	1,209.6268	4.13	1,255.6390 [M+HCOO]−	FPN
13	Rb1	14.170	C54H92O23	1,107.5970	1,107.5951	1.72	1,153.6044[M+HCOO]− 945.5425 [M-H-(Glc-H2O)]− 783.4903 [M-H-2(Glc-H2O)]−	FPG, FPQ, FPN
14	Ra1/ Ra2/isomer	14.399	C58H98O26	1,209.6318	1,209.6268	4.13	1,255.6390 [M+HCOO]−	FPN
15	Malonyl-Ra1/ Ra2	17.424	C61H100O29	1,295.6252	1,295.6272	−1.54	1077.5836[M+HCOO]−	FPN
16	RO	14.590	C49H80O18	955.4922	955.5001	−8.2	793.4364 [M-H-Glc]−	FPG, FPQ
17	Malonyl-Rb1	14.774	C57H94O26	1,193.5964	1,193.5955	0.75	1,149.6030 [M-H-CO2]− 1,107.5902 [M-H-Mal]− 1,089.5814[M-H-Mal-H2O]− 945.5450 [M-H-Mal-Glc]−	FPG, FPQ, FPN
18	Rc	15.251	C53H90O22	1,077.5846	1,077.5845	0.09	1,123.5867 [M+HCOO]− 945.5430 [M-H-Ara(f)-H2O]− 783.4861 [M-H -Ara(f)-H2O- (Glc-H2O)]− 621.4187 [M –H-Ara(f)-H2O- 2(Glc-H2O)]−	FPG, FPQ, FPN
19	Rh1		C36H62O9	637.4308	637.4316	−1.26	683.4371 [M+HCOO]− 1,475.3795 [M-H-Glc]−	FPG
20	Malonyl-Rc	15.935	C56H92O25	1,163.5906	1,163.5849	4.80	1,119.5992 [M-H-CO2]− 1,077.5874 [M-H-Mal]− 1,059.5758[M-H-Mal-H2O]− 987.5598 [M-H-CO2-Ara(f)]− 945.5584 [M-H-Mal-Ara(f)]− 915.5268 [M-H-Mal-Glc]− 783.4879 [M-H-Mal- Ara(f)-Glc]−	FPG, FPQ, FPN
21	Rb2	16.654	C53H90O22	1,077.5846	1,077.5845	0.09	1,123.5958 [M+HCOO]− 945.5456 [M-H-Ara(p)-H2O]− 783.4951 [M-H -Ara(p)-H2O- (Glc-H2O)]− 621.4277 [M-H-Ara(p)-H2O- 2(Glc-H2O)]−	FPG, FPQ, FPN
22	Rb3	17.238	C53H90O22	1,077.5846	1,077.5845	0.09	1,123.5958 [M+HCOO]− 945.5456 [M-H-Xyl-H2O]− 783.4951 [M-H-Xyl-H2O-(Glc-H2O)]− 621.4277 [M-H-Xyl-H2O- (Glc-H2O)]−	FPG, FPQ, FPN
23	Malonyl-Rb2	18.020	C56H92O25	1,163.5906	1,163.5849	4.90	1,119.5980 [M-H-CO2]− 1,077.5872 [M-H-Mal]− 1,059.5758[M-H-Mal-H2O]− 945.5480 [M-H-Mal-Ara(p)]− 915.5343 [M-H-Mal-Glc]− 783.4828[M-H-Mal-Ara(p)-Glc]−	FPG, FPQ, FPN
24	Malonyl-Rb3	18.790	C56H92O25	1,163.5906	1,163.5849	4.90	1,119.5995 [M-H-CO2]− 1,077.5841 [M-H-Mal]− 1,059.5868[M-H-Mal-H2O]− 987.5516 [M-H-CO2-Xyl]− 945.5317 [M-H-Mal-Xyl]− 915.5179 [M-H-Mal-Glc]− 783.4799 [M-H-Mal-Xyl-Glc]−	FPG, FPQ, FPN
25	Rd	19.836	C48H82O18	945.5482	945.5423	6.24	991.5521 [M+HCOO]− 783.4912 [M-H-Glc]− 621.4448 [M-H-2Glc]−	FPG, FPQ, FPN
26	Malonyl-Rd	20.894	C51H84O21	1,031.5466	1,031.5427	3.78	987.5532 [M-H-CO2]− 945.5439[M-H-Mal]− 927.5316 [M-H-Mal-H2O]− 783.4934 [M-H-Mal-Glc]− 621.4370[M-H-Mal-Glc-Rha]−	FPG, FPQ

FPG, flowers of Panax ginseng Meyer; FPN, flowers of Panax notoginseng Burk.; FPQ, flowers of Panax quinquefolius L.; UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadropole-time-of- fight mass spectrometry