Table 2.
Study outcomes (n = 121)
| Group 1 SPU + SSD + CHG (n = 39) | Group 2 PAL + CHG + Tape (n = 5) | Group 3 CSD + CHG (n = 42) | Group 4 TA + SPU (n = 35) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PICC failure (per patient) | 4 (10%) | 1 (20%) | 3 (7%) | 3 (9%)a |
| Incidence rate (95% CI)b | 9.03 (3.39–24.1) | 17.4 (2.45–123) | 9.43 (3.04–29.2) | 9.57 (3.09–29.7) |
| Rate ratio (95% CI) | referent | 1.92 (0.04–19.4) | 1.04 (0.15–6.17) | 1.06 (0.16–6.27) |
| Log-rank test (p value) | referent | 0.629 | 0.905 | 0.939 |
| Catheter-days | 443 | 58 | 318 | 313 |
| PICC dwell time (days)c | 8.94 (3.13, 20.9) | 9.99 (7.23, 16.1) | 5.56 (4.11, 9.97) | 7.11 (4.00, 14.8) |
| Secondary outcomes: | ||||
| - CABSI | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (5%) | 1 (3%) |
| - dislodgement | 4 (10%) | 1 (20%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (6%) |
| - occlusion | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) |
| - fracture | 0 (0%) | 1 (20%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) |
| - 1st secdev life <7d (n = 116) | 26 (72%) | 4 (80%) | 25 (61%) | 25 (74%) |
| - patient satisfactiond,e | 8.79 (1.67) | 9.25 (1.50) | 9.17 (1.48) | 8.17 (2.02) |
| - difficulty of removald,f | 8.44 (2.14) | 5.00 (4.36) | 7.97 (2.38) | 6.04 (2.74) |
| Skin complicationg | 12 (30%) | 1 (20%) | 9(21%) | 13 (36%) |
| Phlebitis indicators (n = 119):h | ||||
| - pain ≥2/10 | 2 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (10%) | 5 (14%) |
| - tenderness ≥2/10 | 5 (13%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (20%) | 10 (28%) |
| - erythema (any) | 7 (18%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (20%) | 11 (31%) |
| - swelling (any) | 1 (3%) | 1 (20%) | 3 (7%) | 9 (26%) |
| - purulent discharge | 0 (0%) | 1 (20%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (6%) |
| - any | 11 (29%) | 2 (40%) | 17 (41%) | 18 (51%) |
| Serious adverse events: | ||||
| - death | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (6%) |
| - positive blood culture | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (5%) | 2 (6%) |
| - other | 2 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (3%) |
| Number of dressing changes: | 72 | 8 | 52 | 60 |
| - Incidence rateb | 163 | 139 | 163 | 191 |
| Dressing/secdev life: | ||||
| - days to first changec | 1.71 (0.66, 3.38) | 0.94 (0.41, 2.60) | 1.83 (0.53, 5.45) | 1.49 (0.56, 3.44) |
| - daysd | 3.68 (1.77) | 5.21 (2.86) | 3.53 (1.98) | 3.41 (1.52) |
| Reason for change (n = 189)i: | ||||
| - routine | 45 (62%) | 3 (38%) | 27 (53%) | 19 (33%) |
| - dressing lifting | 19 (26%) | 4 (50%) | 11 (22%) | 27 (47%) |
| - sweating | 4 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (3%) |
| - leakage | 2 (3%) | 2 (25%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) |
| - bleeding | 12 (17%) | 5 (62%) | 11 (21%) | 10 (17%) |
| - unknown | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) |
| - other | 18 (25%) | 2 (25%) | 20 (39%) | 28 (48%) |
Number (percentage) shown unless otherwise noted
SPU simple polyurethane dressing, SSD sutureless securement device, CHG chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated discs, PAL polyurethane dressing with absorbent lattice pad, CSD combination securement dressing, TA tissue adhesive, PICC peripherally inserted central catheter; CABSI catheter associated bloodstream infection, secdev securing device, VAD vascular access device
aOne patient had two forms of failure (dislodgement and breakage) but was only counted once
bIncidence rate per 1000 catheter-days
cMedian and interquartile range shown as 25th and 75th percentiles
dMean and standard deviation
ePatient self-report, 0 = completely dissatisfied, …, 10 = completely satisfied;
fNurse rating of difficulty when removing the product: 0 = very difficult, …, 10 = very easy; gAny of rash, blister, itchiness, skin tear, or bruising at device removal; values may not add up to total due to rounding, percentages were calculated with the number of non-missing values in the denominator
hObserved at any time during study
iDenominator: number of dressing changes in that group; frequencies may not add up to group size (and frequencies to 100%) due to missing data