Table 5.
Results of tests and performance of routine diagnostic methods compared to reference tests. N = 1564
| Diagnostic method | N | Positive N (%) | Negative N (%) | Equivocal or discrepancya N (%) | Missing data N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leptospira | |||||
| ELISA | 1502 | 201 (14) | 1240 (83) | 61 (4) | 62 |
| MAT on ELISA positives | 179 | 116 (65) | 63 (35) | 22 | |
| MAT on ELISA negatives | 52 | 32 (62) | 20 (38) | 1188 | |
| Scrub typhus | |||||
| ELISA | 1504 | 313 (21) | 1180 (78) | 11 (1) | 60 |
| IFA on ELISA positives | 260 | 159 (61) | 101 (39) | 53 | |
| IFA on ELISA negatives | 107 | 12 (11) | 95 (89) | 1073 | |
| Dengue | |||||
| NS1/IgM/IgG Combo (RDT) | 1465 | 124 (8) | 1318 (90) | 23 (2) | 99 |
| MAC ELISA | 1400 | 177 (13) | 1064 (76) | 159 (11) | 164 |
| RDT and/or MAC ELISA | 1501 | 244 (16) | 1243 (83) | 14 (1) | 63 |
| MAC ELISA on RDT positives | 118 | 57 (48) | 48 (41) | 13 (11) | 6 |
| MAC ELISA on RDT negatives | 1225 | 102 (8) | 989 (81) | 134 (11) | 93 |
| Chikungunya | |||||
| ELISA | 1487 | 98 (7) | 1389 (93) | 77 | |
| Blood culture | 1161 | 164 (14) | 997 (86) | 403 | |
| Pathogenic | 1161 | 124 (11) | |||
| Neisseria spp. | 124 | 1 (1) | |||
| S. aureus | 124 | 24 (19) | |||
| Enterococci spp. | 124 | 2 (2) | |||
| E. faecalis | 124 | 1 (1) | |||
| S. pneumoniae | 124 | 7 (6) | |||
| S. pyogenes | 124 | 1 (1) | |||
| Streptococci spp. | 124 | 1 (1) | |||
| S. typhi/paratyphi | 124 | 44 (35) | |||
| Klebsiella spp | 124 | 1 (1) | |||
| E. coli | 124 | 11 (9) | |||
| Enterobacter spp | 124 | 1 (1) | |||
| Acinetobacter | 124 | 4 (3) | |||
| Burkholderia cepacia | 124 | 1 (1) | |||
| Pseudomonas spp | 124 | 1 (1) | |||
| Proteus | 124 | 2 (2) | |||
| Unidentifiedb | 124 | 22 (18) | |||
| Contaminantsc | 1161 | 40 (3) | |||
| Malaria | |||||
| Genus specific PCR | 1412 | 268 (19) | 1144 (81) | 152 | |
| Species PCR or sequencing | 251 | 17 | |||
| P. falciparum | 251 | 116 (46) | |||
| P. vivax | 251 | 96 (38) | |||
| P. malariae | 251 | 9 (4) | |||
| P. falciparum + vivax | 251 | 27 (11) | |||
| P. falciparum + malariae | 251 | 2 (1) | |||
| P. vivax + malariae | 251 | 1 (0.4) | |||
| Microscopy | 1263 | 96 (8) | 1167 (92) | 301 | |
| Microscopy and genus PCR | 1168 | 66 (6) | 918 (79) | 184 (16) | 396 |
| Microscopy, genus PCR and RDT | 1163 | 41 (4) | 906 (78) | 216 (19) | 401 |
aDiscrepancy between tests performed at study sites and reference laboratory, or equivocal results
bCocci (N = 5), gram negative (N = 4), gram positive (N = 7), unidentified (N = 6)
c Bacillus (N = 14), coagulase negative staphylococci (N = 7), Corynebacterium (N = 4), diphteroids (N = 1), micrococci (N = 10), undefined contaminants (N = 4)