Table 2.

Adjusted (age-, sex-, race-, C-reactive protein, smoking, physical activity) mean of glucose homeostasis factors across the quarters of the dietary patterns

Character		First Dietary Pattern					Second Dietary Pattern					Third Dietary Pattern
		Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	P-value	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	P-value	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	P-value
total	Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)	100 ± 1	101.6 ± 0.4	101.2 ± 0.5	102.5 ± 0.3	0.123	102.2 ± 0.1	101.8 ± 0.5	100.2 ± 0.5	99.1 ± 0.7	<0.001	100.5 ± 0.3	100.6 ± 0.4	101.1 ± 0.3	102.4 ± 0.4	<0.001
	Plasma Insulin (μU/mL)	12.3 ± 0.3	13.5 ± 0.5	14.6 ± 0.4	15.5 ± 0.2	<0.001	14.5 ± 0.3	14.0 ± 0.2	13.2 ± 0.4	12.7 ± 0.6	<0.001	12.1 ± 0.3	13.2 ± 0.7	14.0 ± 0.3	14.2 ± 0.2	<0.001
	HbA1c (%)	5.6 ± 0.01	5.7 ± 0.01	5.7 ± 0.03	5.8 ± 0.06	<0.001	5.8 ± 0.01	5.7 ± 0.01	5.6 ± 0.01	5.4 ± 0.02	<0.001	5.6 ± 0.03	5.6 ± 0.04	5.7 ± 0.04	5.7 ± 0.05	<0.001
	2 h–Glu (mg/dl)	121.5 ± 1.4	118.8 ± 1.2	121.4 ± 1.7	122.8 ± 1.6	0.526	123.1 ± 1.2	122.5 ± 1.3	119.2 ± 1.7	115.4 ± 1.9	<0.001	120.4 ± 1.4	119.1 ± 1.7	119.5 ± 1.1	120.0 ± 1.2	0.109
	HOMA-IR	3.3 ± 0.1	3.5.9 ± 0.1	3.8 ± 0.1	4.1 ± 0.1	<0.001	3.9 ± 0.2	3.7 ± 0.1	3.6 ± 0.1	3.3 ± 0.1	<0.001	3.4 ± 0.1	3.4 ± 0.1	3.7 ± 0.1	3.9 ± 0.1	<0.001
	HOMA-B	143.5 ± 5.1	144.5 ± 2.6	160.2 ± 6.5	164.7 ± 4.2	<0.001	150 ± 2.6	153.1 ± 3.8	158.7 ± 4.1	150.4 ± 2.9	0.415	147.6 ± 4.1	148.0 ± 8.2	163.1 ± 6.3	151.1 ± 4.1	0.225
	HOMA-S	0.58 ± 0.01	0.55 ± 0.06	0.46 ± 0.01	0.49 ± 0.02	<0.001	0.50 ± 0.01	0.51 ± 0.09	0.54 ± 0.03	0.58 ± 0.04	<0.001	0.54 ± 0.05	0.53 ± 0.04	0.52 ± 0.01	0.54 ± 0.02	0.125
	TyG index	8199.9 ± 180.2	8578.7 ± 213.6	8716.8 ± 215.2	8835.8 ± 231.4	0.415	8415.4 ± 232.3	8718.4 ± 192.6	8753.6 ± 178.2	8356.3 ± 192.3	0.102	8365.2 ± 235.1	8424.8 ± 241.3	8611.0 ± 202.2	8833.9 ± 210.3	<0.001
	Visceral Adiposity Index	2.2 ± 0.02	2.4 ± 0.03	2.5 ± 0.07	2.7 ± 0.06	<0.001	2.6 ± 0.05	2.5 ± 0.01	2.4 ± 0.06	2.1 ± 0.09	<0.001	2.6 ± 0.04	2.5 ± 0.06	2.6 ± 0.01	2.6 ± 0.08	0.324
	Lipid Accumulation Product	63.2 ± 1.5	66.3 ± 2.0	70.5 ± 1.9	73.8 ± 1.6	<0.001	70.6 ± 1.7	69.4 ± 2.0	68.6 ± 1.3	62.8 ± 2.8	<0.001	64.4 ± 1.4	65.6 ± 1.0	69.1 ± 1.6	70.0 ± 1.3	<0.001
Without DM	Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)	91.3 ± 0.3	91.6 ± 0.4	92.4 ± 0.6	91.1 ± 0.4	0.325	92.9 ± 0.3	91.1 ± 0.2	91.2 ± 0.4	90.8 ± 0.3	<0.001	90.1 ± 0.7	91.7 ± 0.4	91.8 ± 0.2	91.1 ± 0.3	0.724
	Plasma Insulin (μU/mL)	12.1 ± 0.2	12.3 ± 0.1	13.0 ± 0.09	14.0 ± 0.1	<0.001	13.5 ± 0.1	13.0 ± 0.1	12.6 ± 0.1	12.4 ± 0.1	<0.001	12.1 ± 0.1	12.9 ± 0.1	13.1 ± 0.1	13.6 ± 0.0	<0.001
	HbA1c (%)	5.4 ± 0.01	5.4 ± 0.01	5.4 ± 0.02	5.4 ± 0.03	0.725	5.5 ± 0.02	5.5 ± 0.01	5.4 ± 003	5.3 ± 0.01	<0.001	5.4 ± 0.01	5.4 ± 0.02	5.4 ± 0.01	5.4 ± 0.01	0.415
	2 h–Glu (mg/dl)	117.1 ± 0.1	113.1 ± 1.2	113.3 ± 1.2	114.5 ± 1.3	0.623	116.4 ± 1.7	115.8 ± 1.4	113.7 ± 1.2	111.1 ± 1.4	<0.001	114.4 ± 2.0	113.6 ± 1.3	115.4 ± 2.0	114.2 ± 1.8	0.328
	HOMA-IR	2.8 ± 0.1	2.9 ± 0.1	3.0 ± 0.2	3.3 ± 0.1	<0.001	3.1 ± 0.1	3.0 ± 0.1	2.9 ± 0.1	2.6 ± 0.1	<0.001	2.6 ± 0.1	2.7 ± 0.1	3.1 ± 0.09	3.2 ± 0.1	<0.001
	HOMA-B	146.6 ± 2.6	148.9 ± 3.2	167.0 ± 5.6	173.0 ± 3.4	<0.001	155.9 ± 2.8	158.4 ± 3.4	150.2 ± 2.6	155.7 ± 4.6	0.415	152.8 ± 2.3	151.6 ± 4.1	170.1 ± 3.2	151.0 ± 2.1	0.462
	HOMA-S	0.56 ± 0.01	0.59 ± 0.02	0.56 ± 0.06	0.54 ± 0.01	<0.001	0.50 ± 0.01	0.53 ± 0.01	0.60 ± 0.02	0.62 ± 0.04	<0.001	0.55 ± 0.03	0.58 ± 0.01	0.55 ± 0.01	0.60 ± 0.02	0.328
	TyG index	6592.3 ± 123.5	6970.9 ± 182.3	7189.9 ± 142.6	7289.8 ± 172.3	<0.001	7025.6 ± 145.9	6937.6 ± 122.5	7156.9 ± 147.6	6856.4 ± 176.3	0.109	6974.3 ± 134.5	6979.2 ± 138.6	7060.8 ± 174.3	6961.2 ± 162.9	0.715
	Lipid Accumulation Product	2.2 ± 0.08	2.4 ± 0.04	2.5 ± 0.06	2.6 ± 0.01	<0.001	2.2 ± 0.05	2.1 ± 0.09	2.0 ± 0.04	1.8 ± 0.06	<0.001	2.4 ± 0.04	2.4 ± 0.06	2.3 ± 0.04	2.4 ± 0.08	0.136
	Visceral Adiposity Index	57.0 ± 2.3	61.2 ± 1.0	67.5 ± 2.0	69.4 ± 1.4	<0.001	65.6 ± 2.8	62.4 ± 1.4	61.6 ± 2.0	58.4 ± 1.9	<0.001	60.4 ± 1.8	61.1 ± 1.4	64.1 ± 2.0	65.5 ± 1.7	<0.001

Analysis of covariance conducted to estimate the adjusted means. Value are expressed as a mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) or percentage. HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-B, Homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function HOMA-S; Homeostatic model assessment of insulin sensitivity, TyG index, triglyceride-glucose index hsCRP; high sensitivity C-reactive protein, HbA_1c glycated haemoglobin