Table 1.
Major clinical trials in pharmacotherapy of calcium nephrolithiasis
| Author | Study Design | Enrollment Criteria (n) | Treatment | Duration, yr | Treatment/Placebo, n | Recurrence Rate, %, Treated/Placebo | Relative Risk (95% CI) or P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thiazide | |||||||
| Borghi et al. (12) | RCT, DB | CaOx SF (75) | Indapamide 2.5 mg daily | 3 | 43/14 | 15/43 | P<0.001 |
| Brocks et al. (78) | RCT, DB | CaSF (62) | Bendroflumethiazide 2.5 mg three times a day | 1.6 | 33/29 | 24/16 | P=0.45 |
| Ettinger et al. (13) | RCT, DB | CaOx (73) | Chlorthalidone 25 or 50 mg daily | 3 | 19/23/31 | 14/46 | P<0.01 |
| Fernández-Rodríguez et al. (77) | RCT | CaSF (100) | Hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg daily | 3 | 50/50 | NR | P=0.003 |
| Laerum (14) | RCT, DB | CaSF (50) | Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg twice a day | 3 | 25/25 | 20/48 | P=0.04 |
| Mortensen et al. (80) | RCT, DB | CaSF (22) | Bendroflumethiazide 2.5 mg three times a day | 2 | 12/10 | 40/40 | P=1.0 |
| Ohkawa et al. (15) | RCT | CaSF (175) | Triclormethiazide 4 mg daily | 2.1–2.2 | 82/93 | NR | P<0.05 |
| Robertson et al. (76) | RCT, DB | CaSF (22) | Bendroflumethiazide 2.5 mg three times a day | 3.0–5 | 13/9 | NR | P<0.01 |
| Scholz et al. (79) | RCT, DB | CaSF (51) | Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg twice a day | 1 | 25/26 | 24/23 | P=0.93 |
| Wilson et al. (75) | RCT | CaSF (44) | Hydrochlorothiazide 100 mg daily | 2.8 | 23/21 | 21/44 | 0.48 (0.07 to 0.92) |
| Citrate | |||||||
| Barcelo et al. (16) | RCT, DB | HypoCit CaSF (57) | Potassium citrate 30–60 mEq daily | 3 | 18/20 | 28/80 | P<0.001 |
| Ettinger et al. (17) | RCT, DB | CaOx SF (64) | Potassium magnesium citrate 60 mEq daily | 3 | 31/33 | 13/64 | 0.16 (0.05 to 0.46) |
| Hofbauer et al. (18) | RCT, DB | CaOx SF (50) | Sodium potassium citrate to keep urine pH at 7–7.2 | 3 | 25/25 | 69/73 | P=0.65 |
| Lojanapiwat et al. (83) | RCT | CaSF (76) | Potassium citrate 81 mEq daily | 1 | 39/37 | 8/46 | P<0.01 |
| Soygür et al. (82) | RCT | CaOx SF (90) | Potassium citrate 50 mEq daily | 1 | 46/44 | 0/32 | P<0.05 |
95% CI, 95% confidence interval; RCT, randomized controlled trial; DB, double blind; CaOx, calcium oxalate; SF, stone former; CaSF, calcium stone former; HypoCit, hypocitraturic; NR, not reported.