Figure 2.

(a–d) At high frequencies or early time periods, nanocolloids are polarized anti-parallel to the field (p⃗ ↑↓ E⃗), for small as well as large sized colloids. At lower frequencies (e–h), wherein sufficient time is available for surface conductance in the double-layer (red and blue arrows), the polarization on nanocolloids can be flipped parallel to the field (p⃗ ↑↑ E⃗). This time constant (τ) can differ for small versus large colloids (e vs. f) due to differences in average distance for surface conduction induced double-layer polarization.