Table 3.

Examples of existing CKD surveillance programs

Programme	Year of inception	Approach/methodology	Data sources	Spread	Funding
US CDC*	2006	Passive surveillance approach leveraging existing data sources	Administrative surveys (NHANES)	National	Governmental support
England QoF	2006	An incentive-based system (pay-for-performance system) that required all PCPs to establish a register for adults with CKD stages 3–5 and achieve guideline-concordant treatment targets.	Routine primary care records	National	Governmental support
CKD-JAC	2008	Routine care data across select CKD clinics across Japan	Practice data	National	Japanese Society of Nephrology and Industry
CKD Queensland Registry	2009	Routine clinical care data	Practice data	Regional (state of Queensland)	Research organisations and industry
CPCSSN-CKD*	2017	Passive surveillance using routine practice database	Routine primary care databases	National (multiple regions and territories)	Research organisations and government (PHAC, CIHR)

*Main database development started in 2005.

CIHR, Canadian Institutes of Health Research; CKD-JAC, Chronic Kidney Disease Japan Cohort; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CPCSSN, Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PCP, primary care practice; QoF, Quality and Outcomes Framework; US CDC, US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention CKD Surveillance System.