. 2017 Oct 5;16:400. doi: 10.1186/s12936-017-2040-4

Table 2.

Associations between malaria infection status during pregnancy and measures of placental malaria

Risk factor	Category	Risk	Univariate		Multivariate
Risk factor	Category	Risk	RR (95% CI)	p value	aRR (95% CI)	p value
Placental blood positive for malaria parasites by microscopy^a (n = 8)
Malaria burden in pregnancy	None	0/52 (0%)	Reference group		Reference group
	Low	1/156 (0.6%)	Reference group		Reference group
	High	7/72 (9.7%)	20.2 (2.52–162.2)	0.005	14.2 (1.80–111.6)	0.01
Gravidity	Multigravida	1/182 (0.6%)	Reference group		Reference group
Gravidity	Primigravida	7/98 (7.1%)	13.0 (1.62–104.5)	0.02	9.22 (1.16–73.4)	0.04
IPTp drug	DP	3/184 (1.6%)	Reference group		Reference group
IPTp drug	SP	5/96 (5.2%)	3.19 (0.78–13.1)	0.11	1.16 (0.32–4.15)	0.82
Placental blood positive for malaria parasites by LAMP^a (n = 24)
Malaria burden in pregnancy	None	1/52 (1.9%)	Reference group		Reference group
	Low	5/156 (3.2%)	Reference group		Reference group
	High	18/72 (25.0%)	8.67 (3.57–21.0)	< 0.001	4.06 (1.73–9.51)	0.001
Gravidity	Multigravida	8/182 (4.4%)	Reference group		Reference group
Gravidity	Primigravida	16/98 (16.3%)	3.71 (1.65–8.38)	0.002	3.05 (1.41–6.62)	0.005
IPTp drug	DP	5/184 (2.7%)	Reference group		Reference group
IPTp drug	SP	19/96 (19.8%)	7.28 (2.80–18.9)	< 0.001	3.86 (1.56–9.56)	0.003
Parasites or pigment on placental histopathology (n = 105)
Malaria burden in pregnancy	None	4/52 (7.7%)	Reference group		Reference group
	Low	47/157 (29.9%)	3.89 (1.47–10.3)	0.006	3.27 (1.32–8.12)	0.01
	High	54/73 (74.0%)	9.62 (3.71–24.9)	< 0.001	7.07 (2.84–17.6)	< 0.001
Gravidity	Multigravida	36/182 (19.8%)	Reference group		Reference group
Gravidity	Primigravida	69/100 (69.0%)	3.49 (2.53–4.81)	< 0.001	2.89 (2.12–3.94)	< 0.001
IPTp drug	DP	56/184 (30.4%)	Reference group		Reference group
IPTp drug	SP	49/98 (50.0%)	1.64 (1.22–2.21)	0.001	1.02 (0.79–1.32)	0.87

^aResults missing for 2 of the 282 participants