Table 3.
Associations between a composite indicator of malaria in pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes
| Risk factor | Category | Low birth weight (< 2500 gm) | Preterm birth (< 37 weeks) | Small for gestational age (< 10‰) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malaria burden during pregnancy | Placental malaria | Risk | aRRa (95% CI) | p | Risk | aRRa (95% CI) | p | Risk | aRRa (95% CI) | p | ||
| Composite indicator of malaria in pregnancy | 1 | None | None | 6/47 (12.8%) | Reference | 2/47 (4.3%) | Reference | 9/47 (19.2%) | Reference | |||
| 2 | Low | None | 8/110 (7.3%) | 0.56 (0.20–1.55) | 0.27 | 5/110 (4.6%) | 1.06 (0.22–5.08) | 0.95 | 16/110 (14.6%) | 0.74 (0.35–1.58) | 0.44 | |
| 3 | High | None | 3/18 (16.7%) | 1.41 (0.36–5.54) | 0.63 | 2/18 (11.1%) | 3.33 (0.51–21.6) | 0.21 | 4/18 (22.2%) | 1.16 (0.40–3.36) | 0.79 | |
| 4 | Any | Pigment onlyb | 10/82 (12.2%) | 0.77 (0.28–2.13) | 0.61 | 9/82 (11.0%) | 1.74 (0.34–8.96) | 0.51 | 17/82 (20.7%) | 0.90 (0.42–1.92) | 0.78 | |
| 5 | Any | Parasites detectedc | 11/25 (44.0%) | 2.85 (0.92–8.90) | 0.07 | 8/25 (32.0%) | 5.88 (1.02–34.0) | 0.048 | 11/25 (44.0%) | 1.85 (0.79–4.36) | 0.16 | |
| Gravidity | Multigravida | 18/182 (9.9%) | Reference | 9/182 (5.0%) | Reference | 30/182 (16.5%) | Reference | |||||
| Primigravida | 20/100 (20.0%) | 1.60 (0.80–3.23) | 0.19 | 17/100 (17.0%) | 2.42 (0.84–7.00) | 0.10 | 27/100 (27.0%) | 1.43 (0.86–2.39) | 0.17 | |||
| IPTp drug | DP | 22/184 (12.0%) | Reference | 16/184 (8.7%) | Reference | 34/184 (18.5%) | Reference | |||||
| SP | 16/98 (16.3%) | 0.89 (0.44–1.83) | 0.76 | 10/98 (10.2%) | 0.67 (0.27–1.66) | 0.39 | 23/98 (23.5%) | 1.04 (0.63–1.71) | 0.89 | |||
aAdjusted relative risk
bBy histopathology
cBy placental blood smear, placental LAMP, or histopathology