Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of study participants
| Normal control (n=34) |
PD (n=80) |
PD (n=80) | ||||
| PD with normal cognition (n=30) |
PD-MCI (n=21) |
PDD (n=29) |
p Value | |||
| Age (years) | 61.9±9.5 | 69.6±12.3 | 60.7±10.6 | 68.9±11.1 | 79.9±5.5 | p<0.01** |
| Gender (male, %) | 48.5 | 52.2 | 48.3 | 57.2 | 57.8 | p=0.10 |
| Education (years) | 11.8±1.8 | 13.1±2.2 | 13.1±2.2 | 13.4±1.8 | 12.8±2.6 | p=0.46 |
| Disease duration (years) | N.A. | 7.5±5.2 | 4.6±2.3 | 8.1±6.3 | 9.2±7.3 | p=0.03* |
| MMSE | 29.2±0.8 | 24.3±5.7 | 28.7±0.9 | 25.3±1.8 | 17.8±5.4 | p<0.01** |
| Hoehn-Yahr stage (on) | N.A. | 1.8±0.9 | 1.4±0.8 | 1.6±0.8 | 2.3±1.0 | p=0.01* |
| Hoehn-Yahr stage (off) | N.A. | 2.6±1.1 | 2.3±1.1 | 2.5±0.9 | 3.3±1.1 | p=0.01* |
| UPDRS part III (on) | N.A. | 17.4±9.6 | 13.9±7.5 | 17.6±10.1 | 21.8±9.9 | p=0.02* |
| UPDRS part III (off) | N.A. | 32.4±13.9 | 27.7±12.8 | 32.8±15.3 | 38.3±12.5 | p=0.03* |
| NMSS (on) | N.A. | 32.4±13.9 | 36.9±7.4 | 31.5±6.2 | 32.1±14.3 | p=0.55 |
| SCOPA-AUT (on) | N.A. | 10.7±6.8 | 12.4±2.1 | 9.9±5.6 | 10.9±6.90.7 | p=0.49 |
Numbers are expressed as mean±SD.
*p<0.05; **p<0.01. The p values were analysed by parametric t-test.
MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MMSE, Mini-Mental Status Examination; N.A., not available; NMSS, Non-Motor Symptom Assessment Scale; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PDD, Parkinson’s disease with dementia; SCOPA-AUT, The Scale for Outcomes in PD for Autonomic Symptoms; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.