Table 1.
Study characteristics of non-worksite based interventions to reduce sedentary behavior
| Study | n | Study Population | Mean Age (SD); Percent Female | Intervention | Study Design | Duration/Follow-up Period | Measure of Sedentary Time | Behavioral Theory Used* | Tech Component of Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Otten (22) | 36 | Overweight or obese adults ǂ | 42.6 (±13.3); 69% | Reduce TV time via electronic lockout system | RCT | 3 weeks/N/A | Sensewear armband | N/A | TV lockout system |
| Gardiner (11) | 59 | Healthy Older adults (≥60 yrs) | 74.3 (±9.3); 75% | Reduce sedentary time via goal setting/education, etc. | Pre-Post | 7 days/N/A | Actigraph | Social cognitive theory, behavioral choice theory | Review of accelerometer-assessed sedentary time from previous day |
| Fitzsimons (10) | 24 | Healthy Older Adults (≥60 yrs) | 68.0 (±6); 42% | Reduce sedentary time via education/Behavior Change Techniques | Pre-Post | 24 days/N/A/ | ActivPAL | Ecological model + “successful Behavior Change Techniques” | Incorporated visual sedentary time feedback from ActivPAL |
| Aadahl (1) | 166 | Healthy adults (Health 2010 participants) | 52.0 (±14.1); 53% | Reduce sedentary time via motivational counseling | RCT | 6 months (4 visits)/N/A | ActivPAL | Behavioral Choice Theory (goal-setting, self-efficacy, Motivational Interviewing) | N/A |
| Bond (4) | 30 | Overweight or obese adults ǂ | 47.5 (±13.5); 83% | Reduce sedentary time via real-time smartphone feedback, prompting, goal-setting; 3 strategies tested | Pre-Post | 4 weeks/N/A | Sensewear Mini armband | N/A | Smartphone app with onboard accelerometer |
| Biddle (3) | 187 | Overweight or obese young adults (18–40 yrs) w/>1 additional risk factor for DM ǂ | 32.8 (±5.6); 69% | Education workshop, self-monitoring tool (Gruve), motivational call | RCT | 12 months/N/A | Actigraph & ActivPAL | N/A | Self-monitoring wearable device (Gruve) |
| Judice (14) | 10 | Overweight or obese employed adults ǂ | 50.4 (±11.5); 50% | Education, goal setting, pedometer, PC screen prompts | Cross-over RCT | 1 week/N/A | Actigraph & ActivPAL | N/A | Pedometer; PC-based screen prompt |
| Lang (17) | 819 | Adult PA conference attendees | N/A;N/A | Point-of-decision-prompt | RCT | One hour session/N/A | Direct observation | N/A | N/A |
| Pellegrini (23) | 9 | Adults (21–70 yrs) w/DM | 53.1 (±10.7); 77% | Smartphone application w/haptic feedback | Pre-Post | 1 month/N/A | Actigraph & Shimmer | N/A | Smartphone app (visual and sensory feedback) with separate wearable accelerometer |
| Ellingson (9) | 30 | Healthy young adults (18–26) | 20.1 (±1.5); 50% | Reduce sedentary time w/real-time feedback via wearable technology | RCT-pilot | 5 Weeks/4-weeks | ActivPAL/Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire | Habit Theory of Behavior Change | Haptic feedback from ActivPAL |
| Kendzor (15) | 215 | Healthy adults | 43.9 (±12.9); 68% | Educational materials/Smartphone app w/daily messages | Quasi-Experimental (non-random) | 7 days/N/A | Actigraph & IPAQ | N/A | Smartphone app w/screen prompt |
| Kerr (16) | 30 | Non-working adults (50–70 yrs) | 60.4 (±5.9); 73% | Education, goal setting, “choice of other tools” | RCT-pilot | 2 Weeks/N/A | ActivPAL | Multiple Behavior Change strategies (self-monitoring, goal setting, feedback, etc.) | Multiple: Smartphone & PC app w/prompt; timers, watches, haptic feedback, branded bracelets, standing desks, etc. |
| Lewis (18) | 30 | Non-working older adults (≥60 yrs) | 71.7 (±6.5); 63% | 1-hr face-to-face Education/goal setting session |
Pre-post | 7 days/N/A | ActivPAL | Self-determination Theory | N/A |
*
While some of these interventions appear to be theoretically driven, there was no specific mention of behavioral theories. Thus, we did not want to make assumptions that these interventions were designed based on a particular behavioral theory.
ǂ
Overweight/Obese participants = body mass index ≥25kg/m2. Abbreviations: N/A = Not Applicable; RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial; SD = Standard Deviation; w/ = with.