Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cortex. 2017 Aug 10;95:119–135. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.08.003

Table 2.

List of the independent latent variables, their corresponding manifest variables and measures, along with the group performance on each measure in our sample.

Latent variable Manifest variables Measurement Mean SD Min Max
a)Word production (in isolation) a1. Object naming WAB object naming, N = 20 (3 points for each correct response) 49.83 12.22 8 60
a2. Picture naming of objects BNT-short form. (see text for revised scoring criteria, 3 points for each correct response) 27.6 10.58 1 45
a3. Picture naming of actions VNT, Northwestern Assessment of Verbs. N = 22 (1 point for each correct response). 17.59 5.01 0 22
b) Syntactic production (in Cinderella story retell) b1. Morphosyntactic accuracy Percentage of utterances in the Cinderella story without a grammatical error 67 21 26 100
b2. Morphosyntactic complexity Developmental Sentence Score (see text for description) 12.21 3.34 3 20.61
b3. % verbs Proportion of verbs out of total words 17.91 4 4.72 28.85
b4. % past tense Proportion of regular past tense suffixes (- ed) out of verbs 7.11 4.75 0 15.93
b5. % preposition Proportion of prepositions out of total words 5.28 2.74 0 12.59
c) Working memory c1. Word list recall AphasiaBank - Repetition 1A (1–8 words) 3.41 2.04 1 8
c2. List of lists recall AphasiaBank - Repetition 1B (1–7 list of 3- word lists) 2.48 1.24 0 6
c3. Sentence recall AphasiaBank - Repetition 2A recall (1–6 sentences increasing in length) 39.61 22.39 0 84
c4. Sentence recall (various sentence types) AphasiaBank - Repetition 2B (containing semantically anomalous sentences or sentences that could create interference with reversible thematic roles) 58.12 28.43 0 88
d) Comprehension d1. Command following WAB yes/no commands 56.96 3.6 42 60
d2. Word comprehension WAB auditory word recognition 56.7 4.8 36 60
e) Restarts (in Cinderella story retell) e1. Repetition Instances of repetition of all or part of a spoken word without change 21.25 29.77 0 215
e2. Retracing Instances of phrase repetition with possible syntactic or lexical change; main idea is maintained 16.63 17.13 1 107