Table VI.
Typical Developmental Social Skills of Common Marmoset Monkeys and Humans
| Marmoset Skill | Marmoset Age | Related Human Skill | Human Age |
|---|---|---|---|
| Interaction with caregivers | |||
| Interchange between mom and dad | Birth-8 wks.1 | Prefers familiar caregivers Prefers primary caregiver with whom attachment has been formed |
3–6 mos.2 6–36 mos.2 |
| Infant distress call, or “Cry” | Shortly after birth-11 wks.3 | Possible acoustic differentiation in cries related to hunger, pain, fussiness, and wet diaper | Birth-4 mos.4,5 |
| Interchange between all group members | 1–4 wks.1 | Responds similarly to any caregiver | Birth-3 mos.2 |
| Spends more time on dad than mom | 2–4 wks.6 | Begins to display separation anxiety and preference for specific caregiver | 6 mos.2, 7 |
| Brief periods “off” caregiver during which infant explores environment through solitary play* | 2–4 wks.6 | Uses familiar caregiver as secure base from which to explore environment* Once mobile, explores environment but continues to maintain proximity to caregiver* |
3–6 mos.2 12–24 mos.2 |
| Consolability | 4 wks.8 | Calms in response to parent or soothing voice | 4 mos.9 |
| Begins leaving spontaneously due to infant attempts and caregiver rejection* | 5–10 wks.6 | Expression of desire for autonomy* | 24 mos.2 |
| Relationship with caregiver is stable | 18–22 wks.6 | Understands caregivers will return, increasing flexibility in relationship with caregivers Relationships with adults typically strengthen during transition from adolescence to adulthood |
36 mos.2 17–21 yrs.10 |
| Open-mouth face (affiliative behavior) | 4–12 wks.11 | Social smile | 6 wks.9 |
| Agonistic behaviors | |||
| Scent marking | Birth-4 wks.11 | Protective of toys | 12–36 mos.13 |
| Piloerection begins | 4–12 wks.11 | Protective of toys | 12–36 mos.13 |
| Bared teeth gecker | < 5 months12 | Physical aggression (hitting, biting, kicking, fighting, bullying others) | Appears 12–24 mos., peak 24–48 mos.14, 15 |
| Visual and auditory development | |||
| Head cocking commences | 2–4 wks.16 | Visually tracks object 12 inches from face 90 degrees to once side of midline Visually tracks object 12 inches from face across midline |
1 mo.17 2 mos.17 |
| Visual orientation | 4 wks.8 | Looks at objects with high contrast Regards toys |
1 mo.9 3 mos.9 |
| Visual following | 4 wks.8 | Visually tracks faces and toys Visually tracks person moving across room |
1–3 mos.9 3 mos.9 |
| Startles to auditory input | 4 wks.8 | Startles to voice/sound | 1 mo.9 |
| Play | |||
| Predominant solitary play | 5–10 wks.6 | Solitary play predominates | Until 18 mos.18 |
| Grooming and social play occasionally | 5–10 wks.6 | Social, parallel play begins | 24–30 mos.2 |
| Social play predominates | 12–16 wks.11 | Associative play in groups | 36–48 mos.18 |
| Trend towards interaction with other group members besides parents | 22–40 wks.6 | Cooperative play with peers to reach common goals | 48–60 mos.18 |
| Reproductive development | |||
| Increase in female estradiol | 16–28 wks.11 | Puberty onset (females) | 8–13 yrs.10 |
| Male increase in testicular size and testosterone level | 28–40 wks.11 | Puberty onset (males) | 11–12 yrs.10 |
|
| |||
| Unmatched Developmental Social Skills | |||
|
| |||
| Reproductive development | |||
| Start genital display | 12 wks.1 | NP | -- |
| Grooming | |||
| Social grooming | 16–28 wks.11 | NP | -- |
| Grooming is most common activity | 18–22 wks.4 | NP | -- |
| NR | -- | Recognizes caregiver by sight | 5 mos.9 |
| NR | -- | Visually follows pointing, engages in joint attention | 9 mos.9 |
| NP | -- | Gives object to adult to communicate need for help | 11 mos.9 |
KEY: wks.=weeks; mos.=months; mo.=month; yrs.=years; NR = not reported; NP= not present;
*
indicates skill present in multiple tables
REFERENCES:
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