Table 3.
Store and neighborhood predictors of tobacco product marketing materials, price promotions, and flavored cigars at tobacco outlets in the contiguous US (N = 2,163), 2012
| Total marketing materials | Any price promotion | Flavored cigar availability | Smokeless Availability | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | |||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
| β | (95% CI) | β | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | |
|
|
||||||||||||||||
| Intercept | 19.7 | (10.6,28.9) | 28.7 | (20.2, 37.2) | 1.8 | (1.2,2.9) | 4.4 | (2.4,7.9) | 5.5 | (3.1,9.6) | 15.7 | (7.7,32.4) | 2.9 | (1.9,4.4) | 8.8 | (5.4,14.1) |
| Level 1 (n=2163 stores) | ||||||||||||||||
| Store type | ||||||||||||||||
| Gas Station with or without convenience store (ref) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||||
| Supermarket & other grocery | −22.3 | (−29.6, −15.0) | 0.1 | (0.1,0.2) | 0.1 | (0.09,0.2) | 0.2 | (0.1,0.2) | ||||||||
| Convenience store (without gas) | −9.1 | (−14.4, −3.8) | 0.4 | (0.3,0.6) | 0.6 | (0.3,0.9) | 0.3 | (0.2,0.4) | ||||||||
| Pharmacy and drug stores | −24.2 | (−27.7, −20.7) | 1.0 | (0.7,1.6) | 0.8 | (0.5,1.3) | 0.4 | (0.3,0.6) | ||||||||
| Beer, wine, and liquor stores | −24.3 | (−29.5, −19.2) | 0.1 | (0.1,0.2) | 0.1 | (0.1,0.1) | 0.1 | (0.1,0.1) | ||||||||
| Tobacco store | 61.8 | (27.8, 95.7) | 0.4 | (0.2,0.9) | 3.5 | (0.6,21.5) | 0.5 | (0.3,1.0) | ||||||||
| Warehouse clubs, supercenters and Walmart | −22.0 | (−27.5, −16.6) | 0.1 | (0.1,0.3) | 0.3 | (0.1,0.6) | 0.8 | (0.3,2.5) | ||||||||
| Other establishment type | −40.4 | (−50.5, −30.3) | 0.03 | (0.0,0.1) | 0.02 | (0.0,0.1) | 0.03 | (0.01,0.1) | ||||||||
| Neighborhood (tract) characteristics | ||||||||||||||||
| Hispanic, % | ||||||||||||||||
| Q1: < 2.02% (ref) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Q2: 2.02–5.98% | 1.0 | (−6.9, 9.0) | −0.3 | (−7.1, 6.6) | 0.9 | (0.6,1.2) | 1.1 | (0.7,1.7) | 0.7 | (0.4,1.0) | 0.8 | (0.5,1.3) | 0.6 | (0.4,0.9) | 0.7 | (0.5,1.1) |
| Q3: 5.98–16.8% | −3.8 | (−9.6, 2.1) | −4.0 | (−9.5, 1.5) | 1.1 | (0.7,1.6) | 1.2 | (0.7,2.0) | 0.8 | (0.5,1.3) | 0.8 | (0.5,1.4) | 0.8 | (0.6,1.2) | 0.8 | (0.5,1.2) |
| Q4: > 16.8% | −3.0 | (−10.8,4.8) | −3.4 | (−10.5, 3.7) | 0.8 | (0.5,1.3) | 1.0 | (0.6,1.6) | 0.7 | (0.4,1.1) | 0.8 | (0.3,1.3) | 0.4 | (0.3,0.7) | 0.5 | (0.3,0.8) |
| non-Hispanic Black, % | ||||||||||||||||
| Q1: < 1.01% (ref) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Q2: 1.01–4.96% | 2.9 | (−0.4, 6.2) | 3.0 | (−1.4, 7.3) | 1.7 | (1.2,2.4) | 1.8 | (1.2,2.6) | 1.5 | (1.1,2.2) | 1.6 | (1.0,2.4) | 1.2 | (0.8,1.8) | 1.2 | (0.8,1.9) |
| Q3: 4.96–15.8% | 7.7 | (−0.1,15.5) | 8.6 | (2.5, 14.8) | 1.7 | (1.1,2.4) | 1.6 | (1.0,2.3) | 1.4 | (1.0,2.1) | 1.3 | (0.8,2.2) | 1.2 | (0.8,1.6) | 1.1 | (0.8,1.6) |
| Q4: > 15.8% | 1.3 | (−4.1, 6.8) | 5.2 | (−2.4, 12.8) | 1.8 | (1.2,2.7) | 2.1 | (1.3,3.4) | 2.0 | (1.2,3.5) | 2.6 | (1.3,5.1) | 0.7 | (0.5,1.0) | 0.7 | (0.5,1.0) |
| Median household income, $10,000 | −0.2 | (−1.6, 1.1) | 0.6 | (−0.8, 2.1) | 1.0 | (1.0,1.1) | 1.0 | (1.0,1.1) | 0.9 | (0.9,1.0) | 0.9 | (0.9,1.0) | 1.0 | (1.0,1.1) | 1.0 | (1.0,1.1) |
| Population under age 18, % | 0.2 | (−0.2, 0.6) | −0.2 | (−0.5, 0.1) | 1.0 | (1.01,1.04) | 1.0 | (1.01,1.05) | 1.0 | (1.0,1.0) | 1.0 | (1.0,1.1) | 1.0 | (1.0,1.01) | 1.0 | (1.0,1.01) |
| Level 2 (n=97 counties) | ||||||||||||||||
| Region | ||||||||||||||||
| West (ref) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
| Northeast | 11.8 | (−4.1,27.7) | 8.6 | (−5.0, 22.3) | 1.8 | (1.0,3.3) | 2.2 | (1.1,4.4) | 0.5 | (0.3,0.9) | 0.5 | (0.3,0.9) | 0.5 | (0.3,0.9) | ||
| Midwest | 10.1 | (1.0, 19.2) | 7.9 | (−0.1, 15.8) | 2.2 | (1.2,3.9) | 2.2 | (1.1,4.1) | 0.7 | (0.4,1.3) | 0.6 | (0.3,1.2) | 1.0 | (0.5,2.2) | ||
| South | 15.9 | (6.1,25.7) | 11.7 | (2.5, 20.9) | 1.5 | (0.9,2.4) | 1.2 | (0.7,2.1) | 1.7 | (1.0,2.9) | 1.4 | (0.7,2.7) | 1.0 | (0.5,2.0) | ||
|
| ||||||||||||||||
| Bold indicates significance at p<0.05 | ||||||||||||||||
| AIC | 20626 | 19768 | 6218 | 5960 | 5870 | 5600 | 6148 | 5894 | ||||||||
| χ 2 | 872 | 272 | 284 | 254 | ||||||||||||
| P value (for model comparison) | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||||||||