Table 1.
Anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of NGT, prediabetes and T2D groups.
| Variable | NGT | Prediabetes | T2D | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 2105 | n = 867 | n = 1475 | ||
| Age (years) | 52.21 ± 12.89 | 52.96 ± 12.22 | 51.20 ± 11.23 | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 59.71 | 61.15 | 59.78 | 0.754 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.30 ± 3.53 | 25.09 ± 5.19 | 25.14 ± 3.93 | <0.001 |
| Smoker (%) | 35.11 | 27.16 | 33.60 | <0.001 |
| Drinker (%) | 34.39 | 32.54 | 35.08 | 0.480 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 8.32 | 17.30 | 22.62 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 22.89 | 33.50 | 35.78 | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/l) | 5.09 ± 0.66 | 6.16 ± 0.53 | 9.72 ± 3.21 | <0.001 |
| OGTT2h (mmol/l) | 6.43 ± 0.95 | 8.74 ± 1.46 | 17.61 ± 5.56 | <0.001 |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.57 ± 0.40 | 5.94 ± 0.60 | 8.79 ± 2.37 | <0.001 |
| FPI (mmol/l) | 7.88 (5.38–11.45) | 9.54 (6.58–13.98) | 9.46 (6.14–14.35) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-β | 85.87 (59.54–122.59) | 73.94 (49.63–113.47) | 36.15 (19.07–62.75) | 0.067 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.90 (1.26–2.76) | 2.58 (1.76–3.84) | 3.84 (2.53–6.01) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.39 (3.57–5.14) | 4.69 (3.87–5.42) | 4.61 (3.98–5.32) | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 1.12 (0.8–1.57) | 1.30 (0.89–1.86) | 1.38 (0.95–2.11) | <0.001 |
| HDL-c (mmol/l) | 1.25 (0.98–1.54) | 1.21 (0.98–1.5) | 1.11 (0.89–1.4) | <0.001 |
| LDL-c (mmol/l) | 2.58 (2.04–3.19) | 2.74 (2.1–3.34) | 3.02 (2.36–3.67) | 0.550 |
| Mg (mg/l) | 22.12 ± 2.78 | 21.42 ± 2.97 | 19.84 ± 3.47 | <0.001 |
| Ca (mg/l) | 73.14 ± 9.56 | 71.10 ± 9.83 | 68.60 ± 11.28 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FPI, fasting plasma insulin; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; OGTT2h, 2-h post-glucose load; T2D, type 2 diabetes. Data were presented as percentage for categorical data, mean (standard deviation) for parametrically distributed data or median (interquartile range) for nonparametrically distributed data.