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. 2017 Oct 6;7:12743. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12972-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Pharmacological enhancement of cortical excitatory activity also reduces mechanical hypersensitivity. (A). In vivo two photon images from a GCaMP6 tSCI mouse show low spontaneous activity at baseline (left) and dramatically enhanced activity after applying 20 mM bicuculline solution on the S1 cortical surface. The bicuculline application induced highly synchronized rhythmic epileptiform activities of the cortex, suggesting that GABA_A receptor activation is inhibitory (n = 2 mice). Scale bar: 20 µm. (B). Implanting bicuculline-Elvax (200 µm thick) on the pial surface of the S1 at day 1 and day 21 post-tSCI (black arrows) significantly increased the withdrawal threshold of bilateral paws (n = 4 in blank-Elvax and n = 6 in bicuculline-Elvax group). **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.