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. 2017 Oct 6;7:12743. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12972-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Optogenetic stimulation normalizes enhanced spontaneous firing and excitability of cortical layer V pyramidal neurons after tSCI. (A) Spike frequency of cortical layer V pyramidal neurons at 10 days after tSCI was significantly higher than that of the sham group, and was reduced after 5 days of optogenetic stimulation (sham: 2.0 ± 0.6 Hz; tSCI: 4.1 ± 0.6 Hz, tSCI + LED: 2.5 ± 0.6 Hz. *: p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test). Numbers in the bars indicate neuron numbers in each group; same for the following figures. (B) Representative traces of AP firing of layer V pyramidal neurons in response to current injections. (C) Neuronal input resistance in tSCI group was higher than that of the sham group, but after optogenetic stimulation it was significantly lower than the tSCI group (sham: 86.6 ± 6.0 MΩ; tSCI: 105.5 ± 4.6 MΩ; tSCI + LED: 94.3 ± 3.3 MΩ. p < 0.05 when compared between sham and tSCI groups, and between the tSCI and tSCI + LED groups, One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test). (D) Optogenetic stimulation resulted in a more positive active potential threshold than the tSCI group (−49.8 ± 1.1 mV, −50.9 ± 0.6 mV, −48.2 ± 0.8 mV in sham, tSCI, and tSCI + LED groups respectively. *p < 0.05 when compared between tSCI and tSCI + LED groups, One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test).