Figure 2.

Final structural equation model. Note: Emotional Reaction at exposure 1 = Participants self-reported arousal at exposure 1 (1 Calm/5 Excited); Emotional Reaction at exposure 4 = Participants self-reported arousal at exposure 4 (1 Calm/5 Excited); Warning Consideration = ‘In the past week, how often have you thought about the health warnings we showed you?’ (1 Not often/5 Very often); Risk 1 = ‘Compared to the average nonsmoker your age, gender, and race, how would you rate your chances of getting a lifethreatening illness because of smoking?’ (-3 Much lower/+3 Much higher); Risk 2 = ‘Compared to the average nonsmoker your age, gender, and race, how would you rate your chances of getting lung cancer?’ (-3 Much lower/+3 Much higher); Risk 3 = ‘Compared to the average nonsmoker your age, gender, and race, how would you rate your chances of dying at a younger age than average?’ (-3 Much lower/+3 Much higher); Exercise myth = ‘Exercise can undo most of the effects of smoking’ (1 Completely disagree/5 Completely agree); Vitamin myth = ‘Vitamins can undo most of the effects of smoking’ (1 Completely disagree/5 Completely agree)’; Can quit myth = ‘I can quit smoking at any time and thus avoid any serious health risks before they occur’ (1 Completely disagree/5 Completely agree); Cigarettes more dangerous than smokeless tobacco = ‘Compared to smoking cigarettes, do you think that smokeless tobacco is less harmful, more harmful, or no different for health?’ (-3 Cigarettes are less dangerous/+3 Cigarettes are more dangerous) Cigarettes more dangerous than electronic cigarettes = ‘Compared to smoking cigarettes, do you think smoking electronic cigarettes is less harmful, more harmful, or no different for health?’ (-3 Cigarettes are less dangerous/ +3 Cigarettes are more dangerous).