Table 1:

Overview of the PCR primer sets used in this study for amplifying plant and animal DNA barcodes and mini-barcodes.

DNA marker	Primer name	Primer sequence 5΄-3΄	Amplicon length (nt)	Reference
Universal animal DNA barcodes and mini-barcodes
16S	16sar-L	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGCGCCTGTTTATCAAAAACAT	500–600	Palumbi [41]
	16sar-H	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGCCGGTCTGAACTCAGATCACGT
Mini-16S	16S-forward	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGAYAAGACGAGAAGACCC	250	Sarri et al. [42]
	16S-reverse	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGGATTGCGCTGTTATTCC
COIa	LepF1_t1	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGATTCAACCAATCATAAAGATATTGG	648c	Modified from Ivanova et al. [21]
	VF1_t1	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGTTCTCAACCAACCACAAAGACATTGG
	VF1d_t1	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGTTCTCAACCAACCACAARGAYATYGG
	VF1i_t1	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGTTCTCAACCAACCAIAAIGAIATIGG
	LepR1_t1	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGTAAACTTCTGGATGTCCAAAAAATCA
	VR1d_t1	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGTAGACTTCTGGGTGGCCRAARAAYCA
	VR1_t1	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGTAGACTTCTGGGTGGCCAAAGAATCA
	VR1i_t1	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGTAGACTTCTGGGTGICCIAAIAAICA
Mini-COI	mlCOIintF	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGGGWACWGGWTGAACWGTWTAYCCYCC	313	Leray et al. [43], Geller et al. [44]
	jgHCO2198	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGTAIACYTCIGGRTGICCRAARAAYCA
cyt b	L14816	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGCCATCCAACATCTCAGCATGATGAAA	743	Palumbi [41], Parson et al. [45]
	CB3-H	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGGGCAAATAGGAARTATCATTC
Mini-cyt b	L14816	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGCCATCCAACATCTCAGCATGATGAAA	357	Parson et al. [45]
	H15173	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGCCCTCAGAATGATATTTGTCCTCA
Universal plant DNA barcodes and mini-barcodes
matK	matK-KIM1R	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGACCCAGTCCATCTGGAAATCTTGGTTC	656–889	Fazekas et al. [46]
	matK-KIM3F	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGCGTACAGTACTTTTGTGTTTACGAG
matK b	matK-390f	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGCGATCTATTCATTCAATATTTC	656–889	Cuénoud et al. [47]
	matK-1326r	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGTCTAGCACACGAAAGTCGAAGT
rbcL	rbcLa-F	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGATGTCACCACAAACAGAGACTAAAGC	654	Levin et al. [48]
	rbcLa-R	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGGTAAAATCAAGTCCACCRCG		Kress and Erickson [49]
rbcL b	rbcL a-F	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGATGTCACCACAAACAGAGACTAAAGC	607	Levin et al. [48]
	rbcLajf634R	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGGAAACGGTCTCTCCAACGCAT		Fazekas et al. [50]
Mini-rbcL	F52	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGGTTGGATTCAAAGCTGGTGTTA	140c	Little [14]
	R193	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGCVGTCCAMACAGTWGTCCATGT
trnL (UAA)	c	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGCGAAATCGGTAGACGCTACG	767	Taberlet et al. [51]
	d	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGGGGGATAGAGGGACTTGAAC
trnL (P6 loop)	g	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAA	10–143c	Taberlet et al. [51]
	h	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGCCATTGAGTCTCTGCACCTATC
ITS2	S2F	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGATGCGATACTTGGTGTGAAT	160–320c	Chen et al. [52]
	S3R	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGGACGCTTCTCCAGACTACAAT
psbA-trnHb	psbAf	TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGGTTATGCATGAACGTAATGCTC	264–792	Sang et al. [53], Tate and Simpson [54]
	trnH2	GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAGCGCGCATGGTGGATTCACAATCC

The shaded text represents the sequence of the Illumina overhang adapters.

^aModified COI cocktail primers without M13-tails were used [21].

^bThe primers were not included in the final panel of DNA barcodes.

^cAmplicon length excluding primers.