Table 5.

Comparison of upper GI endoscopic findings in the headache groups and controls.

	Migraine (N = 168)		TTH (N = 168)		Control (N = 336)		p-Value1	p-Value2
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Esophagus							0.43530	0.7099
Normal	57	33.93	63	37.50	136	40.48
Reflux esophagitis	103	61.31	98	58.33	185	55.06
Miscellaneous	8	4.76	7	4.17	15	4.46
Stomacha,b							<0.0001	0.0003
Normal	1	0.60	0	0.00	3	0.89
CSG	126	75.00	137	81.55	246	73.21
Erosive gastritis	29	17.26	20	11.90	46	13.69
Ulcers	10	5.95	10	5.95	11	3.27
Miscellaneous	2	1.19	1	0.60	30	8.93
Duodenum							0.7232	0.7059
Normal	142	84.52	150	89.29	283	84.23
Duodenitis	5	2.98	2	1.19	7	2.08
Ulcer	20	11.90	14	8.33	41	12.20
Miscellaneous	1	0.60	2	1.19	5	1.49
Reflux esophagitis severity (Los Angeles classification)							0.2650	0.4851
LA-M	84	81.55	77	78.57	157	84.86
LA-A	14	13.59	15	15.31	23	12.43
LA-B	4	3.88	6	6.12	4	2.16
LA-C	0	0.00	0	0.00	1	0.54
LA-D	1	0.97	0	0.00	0	0.00
Gastritis severityc							0.0003	0.0002
Mild	69	54.76	55	40.15	160	65.04
Moderate	52	41.27	74	54.01	78	31.71
Severe	5	3.97	8	5.84	8	3.25

p-Value¹, headache group vs. control group.

p-Value², migraine group vs. TTH groups vs. control group.

GI, gastrointestinal; TTH, tension-type headache; CSG, chronic superficial gastritis.

^aSignificant differences between the migraine and control groups by multiple comparisons using Bonferroni correction (p = 0.0071).

^bSignificant differences between the TTH group and controls by multiple comparisons using Bonferroni correction (p = 0.0007).

^cSignificant differences between the TTH and control groups by multiple comparisons using Bonferroni correction (p < 0.0001).