Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of participants, with average scores of psychiatric scales.
| Characteristics (categorical variables) | N | % | Characteristics (continuous variables) | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 267 | 46.6 | Age (years) | 35.6 | 13.2 |
| Female | 306 | 53.4 | Pain (NRS score) | 4.8 | 2.3 |
| Religion | Psychiatric scales total score | ||||
| Catholic | 138 | 24.1 | ERQ | 38.7 | 10.9 |
| Christian | 139 | 24.3 | ARS | 47.9 | 14.2 |
| Buddhism | 58 | 10.1 | SWLS | 14.8 | 7.5 |
| Others | 29 | 5.1 | SAI | 65.8 | 10.9 |
| None | 209 | 36.5 | ASI | 79.5 | 29.2 |
| SHS | 24.4 | 10.7 | |||
| Marriage status | SSI | 10.0 | 8.2 | ||
| Single | 298 | 52.0 | LOT-R | 13.7 | 5.0 |
| Married | 216 | 37.7 | SCL | 58.4 | 19.0 |
| Divorced | 18 | 3.1 | BIS* | 48.7 | 6.7 |
| Widowed | 3 | 0.5 | PWBS | 138.6 | 11.3 |
| Others | 38 | 6.6 | CD-RISC | 45.5 | 19.1 |
| PANAS-N | 20.3 | 10.3 | |||
| Residence | FACIT | 21.0 | 10.4 | ||
| Urban area | 532 | 92.8 | PIL | 79.5 | 8.7 |
| Others | 41 | 7.2 | CERQ | 102.5 | 17.5 |
| SDHS | 9.4 | 4.5 | |||
| Employment status | BIS† | 22.4 | 3.6 | ||
| Employed | 166 | 28.9 | PCCTS | 3.4 | 4.7 |
| Unemployed | 132 | 23.0 | BHS | 8.9 | 6.4 |
| Housewife | 115 | 20.0 | IIP | 66.8 | 25.6 |
| Student | 108 | 18.8 | CTQ | 54.9 | 14.4 |
| Others | 52 | 9.1 | LEC | 64.0 | 13.3 |
| BDI | 25.9 | 12.2 | |||
| Pain | FSSQ | 38.4 | 12.2 | ||
| Yes | 401 | 70.0 | BAS | 34.5 | 6.2 |
| No | 159 | 27.7 | GQ-6 | 27.1 | 6.9 |
| Others | 13 | 2.3 | RRS | 62.0 | 13.7 |
| PSS | 26.8 | 6.6 | |||
| Diagnosis | PANAS-P | 8.5 | 6.3 | ||
| Depressive disorder | 263 | 45.9 | TAI | 61.1 | 12.0 |
| Anxiety disorder | 172 | 30.0 | |||
| Comorbid of depressive and anxiety disorders | 53 | 9.2 | |||
| OCD | 28 | 4.9 | |||
| PTSD | 21 | 3.7 | |||
| Somatization disorder | 8 | 1.4 | |||
| Bipolar disorder | 3 | 0.5 | |||
| Insomnia disorder | 1 | 0.2 | |||
| Others | 24 | 4.2 |
Abbreviations for Psychiatric Scales: ERQ, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire; ARS, Anger Rumination Scale; SWLS, Satisfaction with Life Scale; SAI, State Anxiety Inventory; ASI, Anxiety Sensitivity index; SHS, State Hope Scale; SSI, Scale for Suicide Ideation; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised; SCL, Symptom Check List; BIS*, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; PWBS, Psychological Well-Being Scale; CD-RISC, Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale; PANAS-N, Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule-Negative; FACIT, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy; PIL, purpose in life; CERQ, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire; SDHS, Short Depression-Happiness Scale; BIS†, Behavioral Inhibition System scale; PCCTS, Parents-Child Conflict Tactics Scale; BHS, Beck Hopelessness Scale; IIP, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; LEC, Life Events Checklist; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; FSSQ, Functional Social Support Questionnaire; BAS, Behavioral Activation System scale; GQ-6, Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item; RRS, Rumination Response Scale; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; PANAS-P, Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule-Positive; TAI, Trait Anxiety Inventory. Abbreviations for Psychiatric Diseases and Other Variables: OCD, obsessive–compulsive disorder; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; NRS, Numeric Rating Scale.