Table 2.
Exposure to Antiretroviral Therapy
| ART Substance, Regimen, or Drug Class | Total | Cases With AVN | Controls | P Valuea | P Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 219 | n = 74 | n = 145 | |||
| ETC | .75 | .82 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 157 (72) | 53 (72) | 104 (72) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 15 (6.9) | 4.0 (5.4) | 11 (7.6) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 47 (21) | 17 (23) | 30 (21) | ||
| DDI | .70 | .93 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 117 (53) | 40 (54) | 77 (53) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 35 (16) | 10 (14) | 25 (17) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 67 (31) | 24 (32) | 43 (30) | ||
| DDC | .36 | .30 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 186 (85) | 66 (89) | 120 (83) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 15 (6.8) | 3.0 (4.1) | 12 (8.3) | ||
| >1 y, n (%) | 18 (8.2) | 5.0 (6.8) | 13 (9) | ||
| D4T | .57 | .71 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 109 (50) | 39 (53) | 70 (48) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 27 (12) | 7.0 (9.5) | 20 (14) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 83 (38) | 28 (38) | 55 (38) | ||
| AZT | .53 | .11 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 54 (25) | 16 (22) | 38 (26) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 34 (16) | 14 (19) | 20 (14) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 131 (60) | 44 (59) | 87 (60) | ||
| ABC | .59 | .036 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 150 (68) | 54 (73) | 96 (66) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 14 (6.4) | 4.0 (5.4) | 10 (6.9) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 55 (25) | 16 (22) | 39 (27) | ||
| 3TC | .011 | .044 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 49 (22) | 11 (15) | 38 (26) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 17 (7.8) | 10 (14) | 7.0 (4.8) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 153 (70) | 53 (72) | 100 (69) | ||
| TDF | .032 | .34 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 123 (56) | 36 (49) | 87 (60) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 17 (7.8) | 6.0 (8.1) | 11 (7.6) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 79 (36) | 32 (43) | 47 (32) | ||
| SQV | .77 | .93 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 169 (77) | 56 (76) | 113 (80) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 19 (8.7) | 8.0 (11) | 11 (7.6) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 31 (14) | 10 (14) | 21 (15) | ||
| RTV | .58 | .70 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 186 (85) | 61 (82) | 125 (86) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 20 (9.1) | 7.0 (9.5) | 13 (9.0) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 13 (5.9) | 6.0 (8.1) | 7.0 (4.8) | ||
| NFV | .15 | .09 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 134 (61) | 49 (66) | 85 (59) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 24 (11) | 10 (14) | 14 (9.7) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 61 (28) | 15 (20) | 46 (32) | ||
| LPV | .11 | .34 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 161 (74) | 50 (68) | 111 (77) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 16 (7.3) | 9.0 (12) | 7.0 (4.8) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 42 (19) | 15 (20) | 27 (19) | ||
| IDV | .39 | .95 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 135 (62) | 42 (57) | 93 (64) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 28 (13) | 12 (16) | 16 (11) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 56 (26) | 20 (27) | 36 (25) | ||
| DRV | .98 | .87 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 205 (94) | 69 (93) | 136 (94) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 3.0 (1.4) | 1.0 (1.4) | 2.0 (1.4) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 11 (5.0) | 4.0 (5.4) | 7.0 (4.8) | ||
| ATV | .15 | .25 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 161 (74) | 50 (68) | 111 (77) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 13 (5.9) | 4 (5.4) | 9 (6.2) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 45 (21) | 20 (27) | 25 (17) | ||
| NVP | .13 | .17 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 184 (84) | 67 (91) | 117 (81) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 15 (6.8) | 2.0 (2.7) | 13 (9.0) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 20 (9.1) | 5.0 (6.8) | 15 (10) | ||
| EFV | .72 | .24 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 124 (57) | 40 (54) | 84 (58) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 30 (14) | 10 (14) | 20 (14) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 65 (30) | 24 (32) | 41 (28) | ||
| RGV | .90 | .37 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 209 (95) | 70 (95) | 139 (96) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 5.0 (2.3) | 2.0 (2.7) | 3.0 (2.1) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 5.0 (2.3) | 2.0 (2.7) | 3.0 (2.1) | ||
| 3TC/AZT/LPV/RTV | .24 | .12 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 199 (91) | 64 (87) | 135 (93) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 11 (5.0) | 5.0 (6.8) | 6.0 (4.1) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 9.0 (4.1) | 5.0 (6.8) | 4.0 (2.8) | ||
| ETC/TDF/LPV/RTV | .07 | .32 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 210 (96) | 71 (96) | 139 (96) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 4.0 (1.8) | 0.0 (0.0) | 4.0 (2.8) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 5.0 (2.3) | 3.0 (4.1) | 2.0 (1.4) | ||
| 3TC/ABC/LPV/RTV | .54 | .37 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 213 (97) | 73 (99) | 140 (97) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 1.0 (0.5) | 0.0 (0) | 1.0 (0.69) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 5.0 (2.5) | 1.0 (1.4) | 4.0 (2.8) | ||
| ETC/TDF/ATV/RTV | .75 | .26 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 194 (89) | 64 (86) | 130 (90) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 8.0 (3.7) | 3.0 (4.1) | 5.0 (3.4) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 17 (7.8) | 7.0 (9.5) | 10 (6.9) | ||
| ETC/TDF/DRV/RTV | .30 | .45 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 213 (97) | 73 (99) | 140 (97) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 3.0 (1.4) | 1.0 (1.4) | 2.0 (1.4) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 3.0 (1.4) | 0.0 (0.0) | 3.0 (2.1) | ||
| ETC/TDF/EFV | .92 | .37 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 202 (92 | 69 (93) | 133 (92) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 4.0 (1.8 | 1.0 (1.4) | 3.0 (2.1) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 13 (5.9) | 4.0 (5.4) | 9.0 (6.2) | ||
| 3TC/ABC/EFV | .79 | .77 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 207 (95 | 69 (93.) | 138 (95) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 3.0 (1.4 | 1.0 (1.4) | 2.0 (1.4) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 9.0 (4.1) | 4.0 (5.4) | 5.0 (3.4) | ||
| NRTI | .74 | .16 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 19 (8.7) | 6.0 (8.1) | 13 (9.0) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 13 (5.9) | 4.0 (5.4) | 9.0 (6.2) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 187 (83) | 64 (86) | 123 (85) | ||
| NNRTI | .43 | .049 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 102 (47) | 32 (43) | 70 (48) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 25 (11) | 11 (15) | 14 (9.7) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 92 (42) | 31 (42) | 61 (42) | ||
| PI | .65 | .63 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 45 (21) | 13 (18) | 32 (22) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 17 (7.8) | 7.0 (9.5) | 10 (6.9) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 157 (72) | 54 (73) | 103 (71) | ||
| ART | .74 | .217 | |||
| Never, n (%) | 19 (8.7) | 6.0 (8.1) | 13 (9.0) | ||
| <1 y, n (%) | 13 (5.9) | 4.0 (5.4) | 9.0 (6.2) | ||
| ≥1 y, n (%) | 187 (85) | 64 (86) | 123 (85) |
Abbreviations: 3TC, lamivudin; ABC, abacavir; ART, antiretroviral treatment; ATV, atazanavir; AVN, avascular necrosis; AZT, zidovudine; d4T, stavudin; DDI, didanosin; DRV, darunavir; EFV, efavirenz; ETC, emtricitabine; FI, fusion inhibitor; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IDV, indinavir; IQR, interquartile range; LPV, lopinavir; NFV, nelfinavir; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NVP, nevirapine; PI, protease inhibitor; RGV, raltegravir; RNA, ribonucleic acid; RTV, ritonavir; SQV, saquinavir; TDF, tenofovir.
aGlobal P value across the 3 categories never, <1 year, ≥1 year (from conditional logistic regression analysis).
b P value ever versus never (from conditional logistic regression analysis).