Table 1.
Identification of non‐autochthonous Belgian deer. We first removed 89 deer from the Belgian dataset that were outliers (5%) in an FCA analysis. For each animal, we then calculated the probabilities of it belonging to each of the three Belgian reference clusters dataset and to each of the 19 European reference populations by means of assignment tests with the GENECLASS software. Animals that could not be excluded from all reference populations at the p < .01‐level were assigned to their most likely population of origin. We considered the two mostly likely populations of origin if the assignment score for the first population was <85%. For further details, see Section 2. (a) Non‐outlying Belgian deer that could be excluded from the three Belgian populations using a leave‐one‐out approach; (b) non‐outlying Belgian deer that were assigned with confidence to a European reference population; (c) non‐outlying Belgian deer that had a recent non‐native ancestor; (d) Belgian outliers that could be excluded from the three Belgian reference populations; (e) non‐excluded Belgian outliers that could be assigned with confidence to a European reference population. Max. Belgium = the maximum exclusion probability observed in any of the three Belgian reference clusters. Max. Exclusion Europe = the maximum exclusion probability observed in any of the 19 European reference clusters. Animals in bold may have migrated naturally into the study area. The geographic location of the reference clusters is given in Fig. 2
| ID | FCA‐outlier? | Max. Belgium | Max. exclusion Europe | Results of assignment tests | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Most likely source | Score (%) | 2nd most likely source | Score (%) | ||||
| (a) | |||||||
| 1518 | No | <0.0001 | 0.0037 | — | — | — | — |
| 1558 | No | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | — | — | — | — |
| 137 | No | 0.0021 | 0.0002 | — | — | — | — |
| 1258 | No | 0.0037 | 0.0001 | — | — | — | — |
| 1282 | No | 0.0038 | <0.0001 | — | — | — | — |
| 1706 | No | 0.0057 | <0.0001 | — | — | — | — |
| 877 | No | 0.0066 | 0.0233 | NE Ger E Pol | 99.13 | ||
| 348 | No | 0.0089 | 0.0014 | — | — | — | — |
| (b) | |||||||
| 972 | No | 0.0175 | 0.0231 | E France | 100 | — | — |
| 1017 | No | 0.0219 | 0.1806 | E France | 98.53 | — | — |
| 1386 | No | 0.0522 | 0.8498 | NE Ger E Pol | 77.09 | NW France | 13.93 |
| 1028 | No | 0.2640 | 0.8524 | NE Ger E Pol | 100 | — | — |
| 699 | No | 0.5077 | 0.6272 | NW Croat S Slo | 99.94 | — | — |
| (c) | |||||||
| 1652 | No | 0.0203 | 0.0283 | Belgium 1 | 51.79 | E Germany | 38.24 |
| 224 | No | 0.0304 | 0.0836 | Belgium 1 | 58.07 | E France | 37.72 |
| 1159 | No | 0.0390 | 0.0470 | Belgium 1 | 71.23 | E France | 25.94 |
| 347 | No | 0.0760 | 0.4693 | Belgium 1 | 68.18 | NE Ger E Pol | 30.01 |
| 221 | No | 0.0825 | 0.0435 | Belgium 1 | 75.60 | E France | 16.49 |
| 1039 | No | 0.1252 | 0.2883 | Belgium 1 | 77.87 | Liecht & N Italy | 18.86 |
| 47 | No | 0.1884 | 0.3488 | Belgium 1 | 61.46 | Liecht & N Italy | 35.01 |
| 1097 | No | 0.1992 | 0.7284 | Belgium 1 | 69.39 | NE Ger E Pol | 24.56 |
| 1771 | No | 0.4116 | 0.9330 | Belgium 1 | 54.87 | NE Ger E Pol | 24.70 |
| 339 | No | 0.6925 | 0.7328 | Belgium 1 | 83.66 | Scotland | 15.43 |
| (d) | |||||||
| 1024 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.0049 | — | — | — | — |
| 1510 | Yes | 0.0001 | 0.0096 | — | — | — | — |
| 458 | Yes | 0.0002 | 0.0003 | — | — | — | — |
| 1517 | Yes | 0.0006 | 0.0011 | — | — | — | — |
| 1613 | Yes | 0.0011 | 0.0018 | — | — | — | — |
| 301 | Yes | 0.0050 | 0.0001 | — | — | — | — |
| 1557 | Yes | 0.0093 | 0.0097 | — | — | — | — |
| 1546 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.0104 | NE Ger E Pol | 99.36 | — | — |
| 638 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.0191 | NE Ger E Pol | 94.80 | — | — |
| 1353 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.0450 | Deer Farm | 99.98 | — | — |
| 1430 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.0459 | NE Ger E Pol | 99.99 | — | — |
| 1431 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.0566 | Deer Farm | 94.38 | — | — |
| 1438 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.0595 | NE Ger E Pol | 97.85 | — | — |
| 1384 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.1209 | NE Ger E Pol | 84.65 | Scotland | 15.19 |
| 1437 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.1296 | Scotland | 99.92 | — | — |
| 1027 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.2515 | Deer Farm | 83.50 | Liecht & N Italy | 15.43 |
| 1307 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.4533 | Deer Farm | 80.27 | NE Ger E Pol | 19.56 |
| 1105 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.4754 | Deer Farm | 85.24 | NE Ger E Pol | 14.37 |
| 1111 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.4983 | NE Ger E Pol | 99.42 | — | — |
| 1436 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.5163 | Deer Farm | 99.9 | — | — |
| 1026 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.6201 | NE Ger E Pol | 84.73 | Deer Farm | 15.18 |
| 1112 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.6875 | Scotland | 99.84 | — | — |
| 1428 | Yes | <0.0001 | 0.8778 | NE Ger E Pol | 99.70 | — | — |
| 1031 | Yes | 0.0001 | 0.0726 | E Germany | 91.36 | — | — |
| 1337 | Yes | 0.0001 | 0.1945 | NE Ger E Pol | 99.99 | — | — |
| 1332 | Yes | 0.0001 | 0.2650 | E Germany | 93.60 | — | — |
| 1023 | Yes | 0.0001 | 0.6109 | Scotland | 71.25 | NE Ger E Pol | 28.07 |
| 1387 | Yes | 0.0003 | 0.7576 | Deer Farm | 79.22 | NE Ger E Pol | 20.63 |
| 8 | Yes | 0.0004 | 0.0276 | NE Ger E Pol | 97.97 | — | — |
| 1030 | Yes | 0.0006 | 0.0416 | Liecht & N Italy | 62.35 | — | — |
| 1079 | Yes | 0.0009 | 0.4282 | NE Ger E Pol | 100.00 | — | — |
| 1648 | Yes | 0.0014 | 0.0178 | NE Ger E Pol | 94.24 | — | — |
| 1653 | Yes | 0.0015 | 0.6697 | Liecht & N Italy | 49.61 | NE Ger E Pol | 44.99 |
| 1193 | Yes | 0.0016 | 0.1090 | NE Ger E Pol | 97.33 | — | — |
| 1435 | Yes | 0.0026 | 0.2086 | Liecht & N Italy | 68.95 | Scotland | 28.44 |
| 1389 | Yes | 0.0029 | 0.8207 | Deer Farm | 78.28 | NE Ger E Pol | 18.85 |
| 886 | Yes | 0.004 | 0.0551 | Deer Farm | 100.00 | — | — |
| 359 | Yes | 0.0042 | 0.0272 | NE Ger E Pol | 79.88 | Cent France | 20.03 |
| 1172 | Yes | 0.0096 | 0.0118 | NE Ger E Pol | 52.65 | NW Croat S Slo | 45.99 |
| 1718 | Yes | 0.0097 | 0.1169 | NE Ger E Pol | 99.91 | — | — |
| (e) | |||||||
| 1110 | Yes | 0.0120 | 0.4078 | NE Ger E Pol | 53.30 | Carpathians | 41.38 |
| 1137 | Yes | 0.0107 | 0.5543 | NE Ger E Pol | 87.56 | Belgium 3 | 12.30 |
| 1432 | Yes | 0.0404 | 0.8391 | Deer Farm | 91.72 | NE Ger E Pol | 6.45 |