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. 2017 Oct 4;8:1713. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01713

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Copyright © 2017 Niu, Pan, Zhu, Li, Xue, Liu and Ding.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Comparison of non-synonymous (dn) and synonymous (ds) substitution rates among the five orchid subfamilies (Epidendroideae, Orchidoideae, Cypripedioideae, Vanilloideae, and Apostasioideae). The substitutions rates were calculated for the whole plastome by using Lilium longiflorum as the reference. Each subfamily is color coded. Of note, the plastomes of Epidendroideae, Orchidoideae, Cypripedioideae, and Apostasioideae showed diversified substitution rates in their plastomic protein-coding sequences.