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Schematic representation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and important cellular enzymatic antioxidant pathways. The formation of •O2 is the initial step in a cascade that results in the formation of other ROS. Mammalian cells contain a variety of antioxidant mechanisms to maintain ROS at a certain concentration. The major antioxidant enzymes include SOD, catalase, GSH, GPX, GR, and GST. These enzymes work together to form a defence system against ROS damage.
