Table 1. Characteristics of All Participants in Men.
| Men | NGT (n = 1,223) | Low IFG (n = 330) | High IFG (n = 228) | T2DM (n = 130) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63.0 ± 11.9b | 64.9 ± 12.0a | 66.7 ± 11.5a | 64.8 ± 10.3a,b | < 0.0001 |
| Height (cm) | 173.4 ± 7.6 | 173.4 ± 7.6 | 173.0 ± 7.4 | 172.7 ± 7.5 | NS |
| Weight (kg) | 83.3 ± 16.0c | 84.5 ± 16.1b,c | 87.4 ± 19.3b | 88.5 ± 18.0a | < 0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.6 ± 4.5c | 28.0 ± 4.5c | 29.1 ± 5.7b | 29.7 ± 5.6a | < 0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 100.6 ± 12.2c | 102.3 ± 12.1b | 105.4 ± 14.2a | 106.4 ± 12.5a | < 0.0001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.03 ± 0.4d | 5.81 ± 0.1c | 6.4 ± 0.3b | 9.3 ± 2.4a | < 0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.42 ± 0.4d | 5.6 ± 0.5c | 5.8 ± 0.6b | 7.5 ± 2.0a | < 0.0001 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 11.6 ± 25.4a | 10.8 ± 22.6a | 13.3 ± 29.3a | 5.7 ± 15.2b | 0.0002 |
| Physical activity (PA) (h/day) | |||||
| Low intensity PA (h/day) | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 1.8 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | NS |
| Moderate intensity PA (h/day) | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 0.6 ± 1.3 | NS |
| Vigorous intensity PA (h/day) | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | NS |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||||
| Hispanic and other | 325 (26.5) | 99 (30.0) | 63 (27.6) | 45 (34.6) | 0.002 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 707 (57.8) | 197 (59.7) | 130 (57.0) | 64 (49.2) | 0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 191 (15.7) | 34 (10.3) | 35 (15.4) | 21 (16.2) | 0.005 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||
| Current smoker | 244 (20.0) | 52 (15.8) | 32 (14.0) | 19 (14.6) | 0.021 |
| Occasionally | 30 (2.5) | 8 (2.4) | 7 (3.1) | 5 (3.8) | NS |
| Never smoker | 949 (77.5) | 270 (81.8) | 189 (82.9) | 106 (81.6) | NS |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | 9.2 ± 6.8c | 12.0 ± 7.7c | 14.9 ± 10.3b | 20.1 ± 17.4a | < 0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.1 ± 1.6c | 3.1 ± 2.0c | 4.3 ± 3.1b | 8.0 ± 7.1a | < 0.0001 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 0.6 ± 1.4 | NS |
Data are mean with standard deviation or n with percentage in brackets. Groups marked with different letters (a, b, c, d) are significantly different from each other by a Tukey-Kramer pairwise comparison (P < 0.05). Groups marked with the same letters are not significantly different from each other. WC: waist circumference; FBG: fasting blood glucose; PA: physical activity; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; CRP: C-reactive protein.