Table 2. Characteristics of All Participants in Women.
| Women | NGT (n = 1,448) | Low IFG (n = 296) | High IFG (n = 139) | T2DM (n = 94) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62.8 ± 12.1b | 65.6 ± 12.1a | 67.0 ± 11.8a | 66.6 ± 10.3a | < 0.0001 |
| Height (cm) | 159.8 ± 7.0 | 159.7 ± 6.5 | 158.3 ± 7.6 | 159.2 ± 7.5 | NS |
| Weight (kg) | 72.4 ± 16.7c | 76.5 ± 17.7b | 77.5 ± 18.0a,b | 78.4 ± 18.0a | < 0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.3 ± 6.0c | 29.9 ± 6.3b | 30.8 ± 6.3a | 30.8 ± 5.6a | < 0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 94.1 ± 13.6c | 98.9 ± 13.5b | 101.7 ± 13.2a | 103.1 ± 12.5a | < 0.0001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.0 ± 0.4d | 5.80 ± 0.1c | 6.44 ± 0.3b | 9.4 ± 2.7a | < 0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 ± 0.3d | 5.6 ± 0.4c | 5.9 ± 0.5b | 7.4 ± 2.0a | < 0.0001 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 3.6 ± 12.1 | 3.9 ± 13.2 | 3.8 ± 15.1 | 5.1 ± 18.9 | NS |
| Physical activity (PA) (h/day) | |||||
| Low intensity PA (h/day) | 2.8 ± 1.6b | 3.0 ± 1.6b | 3.0 ± 1.6b | 2.9 ± 1.6a | < 0.0001 |
| Moderate intensity PA (h/day) | 0.5 ± 0.9a | 0.4 ± 0.8a | 0.4 ± 1.0a | 0.6 ± 1.3b | < 0.01 |
| Vigorous intensity PA (h/day) | 0.08 ± 0.27a | 0.1 ± 0.3b | 0.03 ± 0.14b,c | 0.02 ± 0.07c | < 0.05 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||||
| Hispanic and other | 398 (27.5) | 77 (26.0) | 51 (36.7) | 31 (33.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 827 (57.1) | 171 (57.8) | 64 (46.0) | 37 (39.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 223 (15.4) | 48 (16.2) | 24 (17.3) | 26 (27.7) | 0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||
| Current smoker | 186 (12.9) | 52 (15.8) | 32 (14.0) | 19 (14.6) | NS |
| Occasionally | 27 (1.9) | 8 (2.4) | 7 (3.1) | 5 (3.8) | NS |
| Never smoker | 1235 (85.2) | 270 (81.8) | 189 (82.9) | 106 (81.6) | NS |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | 9.2 ± 6.8c | 13.9 ± 8.8b | 16.0 ± 9.0b | 21.9 ± 17.0a | < 0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.1 ± 1.6c | 3.6 ± 2.3b | 4.6 ± 2.6b | 9.2 ± 7.8a | < 0.0001 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.4 ± 0.7b | 0.6 ± 0.8b | 0.7 ± 0.9a,b | 0.8 ± 0.9a,b | < 0.01 |
Data are mean with standard deviation or n with percentage in brackets. Groups marked with different letters (a, b, c, d) are significantly different from each other by a Tukey-Kramer pairwise comparison (P < 0.05). Groups marked with the same letters are not significantly different from each other. WC: waist circumference; FBG: fasting blood glucose; PA: physical activity; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; CRP: C-reactive protein.