Table 2. Effect of EMF on dose adherence, full adherence and clinical outcomes.
| First author, year of publication | Indication | Intervention period | Follow-up period | Dose adherence (%) | Full adherence (%) | Clinical outcome | Overall score | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weeks | Weeks | I(SE) | C (SE) | P-value | I(SE) | C (SE) | P-value | Outcome measurement | I (SD) | C (SD) | P-value | Medication adherence | Clinical outcomes | ||
| Onyirimba, 2003 [25] | Asthma | 3 | 7 | 75 (6) | 26 (7) | S | NA | NA | NA | FEV1 (L) | +0.04 (0.11) | +0.16 (11) | 0.44 | + | NA |
| Mean weekly 24-h albuterol use | 1.51 (NA) | 2.09 (NA) | NA | ||||||||||||
| Mean weekly nightly (01.00–05.00 AM) albuterol use | 0.07 (NA) | 0.13 (NA) | NA | ||||||||||||
| Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire | 1.13 ± 0.31 | 0.76± 0.33 | <0.05 | ||||||||||||
| Schmitz, 2005 [26] | Smoking cessation | 7 | NA | 64 (6) | 36 (5) | <0.05 | 48 (5) | 19 (6) | <0,05 | NA | NA | NA | NA | + | NA |
| De Geesta, 2006 [27] | Renal transplantation | 13 | 26 | 97.0 (2.1) | 93.4 (9.6) | 0.58 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | - | NA |
| Mooney, 2007 [28] | Smoking cessation | 6 | NA | 62 (8) | 35 (7) | S | 40 (9) | 18 (7) | S | Abstinenceb | r(35)dose compliance = 0.38 | NS | + | - | |
| r(35)full compliance = 0.40 | NS | ||||||||||||||
| Santschic, 2008 [29] | Hypertension | NAd | NAd | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Blood pressure: systolic/ diastolic (mmHg)e | 149 (3.7)/ 87 (1.9) | 154 (2.3)/ 84.5 (2.6) | 0.21/0.40 | NA | - |
| Sabin, 2010 [30] | HIV | 26 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 96.5 (4.8f) | 84.5 (21f) | 0.003 | CD4 count at month 12 (cells/μL) | 401 (256f) | 357 (157f) | 0.410 | + | - |
| Change in CD4 count (cells/μL) month 6 to 12 | +90.0 (171.6f) | -8,8 (152.6f) | 0.020 | ||||||||||||
| HIV RNA <400 copies/ml at month 12, n (%) | 27 (87.1) | 31 (93.9) | 0.3518 | ||||||||||||
| De Bruin, 2010 [31] | HIV | 12 | 16 | 96 | 90 | <0,001 | 82 | 65 | <0.001 | Detectable plasma HIV-RNA (dichotomized, >, 50 copies/ml), n (%) | 6 (9.4) | 13 (20.6) | NA | + | NA |
| Changes in plasma HIV-RNA (copies/ml) | OR [95%CI] = 2.96 [1,00–8.74] | <0.05 | |||||||||||||
| Brath, 2013 [32] | Patients with a defined risk for cardiovascular conditions | 20 | 8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Fasting plasma glucose (mg dl-1) | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| HbA1c (%) | NA | NA | |||||||||||||
| Body weight (kg)\ | NA | NA | |||||||||||||
| Blood pressure sys/dia (mmHg) | NA | NA | |||||||||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg dl-1 | NA | NA | |||||||||||||
| LDL cholesterol (mg dl-1) | NA | NA | |||||||||||||
| HDL cholesterol (mg dl-1) | NA | NA | |||||||||||||
| Forni Ogna, 2013 [33] | Secondary Hyper-parathyroidism | 26 | 13 | 94.7 (NA) | 88.2 (NA) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Median absolute intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) at month 6 (ng/L (interquartile range: IQR)) | 339(236, 529) | 436 (288, 682) | 0.05 | NA | + |
| Median iPTH change at month 6 (ng/L, IQR) | -94.3 (-282.6, -27.7) | +113.6 (-26.2, 145.1) | 0.009 | ||||||||||||
| Median iPTH change after 3 months follow-up, month 9 (ng/L, IQR) | +50.0 (-85.8, +304.1) | +0.16 (-163.3, 197.1) | NA | ||||||||||||
| Dobbels, 2017 [34] | Heart, liver and lung transplant recipients | 26 | 26 | NA | NA | NA | 92.1 (NA) | 72.1 (NA) | <0.0001 | 5-year clinical event-free survival | 82.5% | 72.5% | 0.18 | + | - |
| RR [95%CI] = 0.64 [0.38–1.08] | |||||||||||||||
a results show a decrease in non-adherence in both groups; difference did not reach statistical significance,
b results for week 6 (no data for week 10 available); point-biserial correlations on the pooled sample,
c standard error of the mean (SEM),
d Depending on the results of office blood pressure (<140/90 mmHg) and adherence (≥80% taking adherence) measured with electronic device, the GP had the opportunity to continue or stop electronic monitoring. So intervention period and follow-up period are variable.
e systolic blood pressure (mmHg)/ diastolic blood pressure (mmHg). This ratio also applies to the P-value (p-value systolic blood pressure/ p-value diastolic blood pressure)
f standard deviation (SD).
S: statistical significant, but p-value unknown, NS: statistical not significant, NA: not available, I: intervention arm, C: control arm, Dose adherence: number of doses taken divided by the number of doses prescribed, Full adherence: dose adherence in the correct time schedule.