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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2017 Mar 22;156:132–144. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.021

Table 3.

Summary of Emergency Department Visit Data and Visits Stratified by Modifying Factors, Warm Season, Atlanta, GA, 1993–2012

 Asthma/wheezea
Respiratory diseaseb
All ED visits
Stratification Criteria SES category # Days Total # ED visits Mean # ED visits/day Total # ED visits Mean # ED visits/day Total # ED visits Mean # ED visits/day
Overall N/A - 3,060 51,360 16.8 161,301 52.7 1,528,145 499
Urbanization Urban corec - 3,060 43,197 14.1 122,215 39.9 1,113,091 364
Non-urban core - 3,060 8,163 2.67 39,086 12.8 415,054 136
Sex Female - 3,060 20,000 6.54 78,057 25.5 726,290 237
Male - 3,060 30,929 10.1 81,601 26.7 785,842 257
White - 2,601d 6,552 2.52 33,125 12.7 445,333 171
African American - 2,601d 17,061 6.56 48,304 18.6 367,600 141
Race /Ethnicity Hispanic - 2,601d 1,740 0.67 6,467 2.49 60,997 23.5
Other - 2,601d 970 0.37 3,595 1.38 37,759 14.5
Non-whitee (Total) - 2,601 d 19,771 7.60 58,366 22.4 466,356 179
Insurance status Private High SES 3,060 18,489 6.04 54,767 17.9 658,815 215
Medicaidf Low SES 3,060 23,536 9.94 75,049 32.3 564,737 260
% < 12th grade * ≤16.6% High SES 3,060 30,258 9.89 91,620 29.9 923,210 302
<16.6% Low SES 3,060 21,102 6.90 69,681 22.8 604,935 198
% below poverty* ≤10.2% High SES 3,060 18,150 5.93 59,631 19.5 684,636 224
<10.2% Low SES 3,060 33,210 10.9 101,670 33.2 843,509 276
NDI* ≤ −0.08 High SES 3,060 19,955 6.52 66,050 21.6 751,075 245
< −0.08 Low SES 3,060 31,405 10.3 95,251 31.1 777,070 254
a

primary diagnosis of asthma/wheeze (ICD-9 codes 493.0–493.9/786.07)

b

primary diagnosis of respiratory disease (ICD-9 codes 460–486, 493.0–493.9,786.07)

c

A county was considered part of the urban core if the county’s 2010 population was > 250,000 and its population density was >1000 people/square mile

d

Race/ethnicity data completely missing during 2007–2009

e

Non-white strata combined ED visit data from African American, Hispanic, and Other race/ethnicity categories

f

Medicaid category included ED visits paid for by Medicaid insurance

*

Categorized by median values of continuous ZCTA-level SES

Abbreviations: % <12th grade, percentage of the adult population (≥25 years old) with less than a 12th grade education; % below poverty, percentage of households living below the Federal Poverty Line; #, number; ED, emergency department; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision; NDI, Neighborhood Deprivation Index; SES, socioeconomic status