Table 2.
Results.
| Study (year) | n | Type of study | Type of CVC | Injection rate and peak injection pressure | Outcome: complications | Outcome: image quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coyle (2004) [31] | 110 | PS | 12 SL 5F PICC 98 DL 5F PICC | 1–2 mL/s (n = 8), 2 mL/s (n = 89), 2–3 mL/s (n = 9), 4 mL/s (n = 4) SL: 16–79 psi, DL: 40–135 psi. | 2 (1.8%) ruptured 1 ballooning (DL, 4 mL/s) | 81 average; 23 above average; 6 below average |
| Goltz (2011) [25] | 141 vs 50 peripheral catheter | RS | 141 TIVAP forearm | TIVAP: Max 1.5 mL/s; mean pressure 121.9 ±24.1 psi Peripheral: 3 mL/s, pressure limit 300 psi | 1 (0.7%) dislocation with rupture3 (2.1%) suspected systemic infection <4 weeks | 31/44 (70.4%) trigger threshold not reached Significant higher aortic contrast via peripheral catheter |
| Herts (2001) [30] | 174 vs 51 peripheral | RCT | 117 port-type, 41 3L, 10 DL, 6 unknown | CVC: 1.5–2 mL/s, pressure cut-off 100 psi Peripheral: 2.5–3 mL/s, pressure cut-off 300 psi | 1 (0.6%) CVC no longer patent1 positive blood culture | Less contrast enhancement in thoracic aorta, pulmonary artery, liver in CVC group |
| Lozano (2012) [28] | 78 | PS | Power injectable PICC (4–6F, SL/DL) | Mean injection rate 4.13 ± 0.855 mL/s (range 3–5); pressure limit 300 psi | 12/78 (15.4%) dislocation | – |
| Macht (2012) [26] | 104 | RS | Distal 16G lumen of Arrow multi-lumen (3L, 5L) | 3L: 4.4 ± 0.5 mL/s; 200.7 ± 17.5 psi5L: 4.6 ± 0.6 mL/s; 194.5 ± 6.5 psi | No complications | – |
| Morden (2014) [29] | 243 high rate vs. 138 rate increase | RS | CT-PICC (4–6F, SL/DL/3L) | Injection rates 2–5 mL/s Pressure limit 300 psi | 20/243 (8.2%) displaced vs. 3/138 (2.2%) | – |
| Sanelli (2004) [27] | 104 | PS | Arrow multi-lumen CVC (n = 89)Percutaneous sheaths IJV (n = 15) | 3 mL/s (n = 15); 4 mL/s (n = 8); 4 mL/s (n = 79); 5 mL/s (n = 2) Pressure limit 300 psi; 5/43 pressure-limited (306–316 psi) | 13/60 (21,7%) blood cultures positive during ICU course | – |
Legend: CVC = central venous catheter, PS = prospective study, SL = single lumen, F = French, PICC = peripherally inserted central catheter, DL = double lumen, RS = retrospective study, TIVAP = totally implantable venous access port, RCT = randomized controlled trial, 3L = triple-lumen, G = gauge, 5L = quintuple-lumen, IJV = inferior jugular vein, ICU = intensive care unit