Table 1.
Fold change and relative P‐value of the discriminatory metabolites characterizing hepatic carcinoma and wild‐type liver tissues were calculated by the TICs of GC‐MS chromatograms
| Metabolites | Retention time (min) | W mean | T mean | Fold change | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glycolysis; TCA cycle; Pentose phosphate pathway; Lipid biosynthesis | |||||
| Glucose 1‐phosphate (glucose‐1p) | 16.7179 | 1.09E‐01 | 2.14E‐01 | 9.73E‐01 | 2.81E‐03 |
| Adenosine | 24.0355 | 6.81E‐03 | 4.06E‐03 | −7.46E‐01 | 1.17E‐02 |
| Cytidine diphosphate (CDP) | 22.5710 | 3.47E‐03 | 1.08E‐03 | −1.68E+00 | 2.81E‐03 |
| Citrate | 17.2200 | 1.00E‐02 | 4.55E‐02 | 2.19E+00 | 3.18E‐02 |
| Cytidine monophosphate (CMP) | 19.0875 | 3.49E‐03 | 1.46E‐03 | −1.26E+00 | 1.69E‐03 |
| Deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP) | 21.3202 | 7.62E‐04 | 1.82E‐04 | −2.07E+00 | 7.87E‐03 |
| Fructose | 17.8171 | 9.71E‐01 | 3.30E+00 | 1.76E+00 | 2.45E‐02 |
| Fructose 1,6‐bisphosphate (fructose‐1, 6p2) | 11.5276 | 6.02E+00 | 1.30E+01 | 1.11E+00 | 1.65E‐02 |
| Fructose 6‐phosphate (fructose‐6p) | 21.2896 | 3.78E‐03 | 5.70E‐03 | 5.93E‐01 | 4.18E‐02 |
| Glucose 6‐phosphate (glucose‐6p) | 21.4070 | 7.04E‐02 | 7.72E‐01 | 3.45E+00 | 9.13E‐04 |
| Lactate | 8.8119 | 2.20E‐02 | 7.75E‐03 | −1.51E+00 | 4.97E‐02 |
| Malate | 13.8313 | 2.25E+00 | 5.46E+00 | 1.28E+00 | 4.02E‐02 |
| Oxaloacetate | 13.5829 | 1.22E‐02 | 2.51E‐02 | 1.04E+00 | 4.88E‐02 |
| Pyruvate | 18.9793 | 2.10E‐01 | 4.21E‐01 | 1.00E+00 | 3.40E‐02 |
| Succinate | 11.8994 | 1.40E‐01 | 6.21E‐02 | −1.17E+00 | 2.41E‐03 |
| Thymine | 13.0700 | 5.41E‐03 | 1.82E‐02 | 1.75E+00 | 4.35E‐03 |
| Uridine diphosphate (UDP) | 21.5776 | 2.73E‐03 | 6.28E‐03 | 1.20E+00 | 1.15E‐02 |
| 2‐hydroxybutanoic acid | 9.5741 | 4.89E‐02 | 2.55E‐02 | −9.36E‐01 | 1.81E‐03 |
| Aspartate | 14.2188 | 1.36E‐01 | 2.61E‐01 | 9.40E‐01 | 4.35E‐02 |
| Fructose 2,6‐bisphosphate (fructose‐2, 6p2) | 20.6541 | 4.81E‐01 | 3.42E‐01 | −4.92E‐01 | 5.43E‐03 |
| Fucose | 16.4754 | 4.34E‐03 | 7.03E‐04 | −2.63E+00 | 7.12E‐06 |
| Fumarate | 12.2976 | 1.56E‐01 | 2.29E‐01 | 5.54E‐01 | 5.66E‐04 |
| Xylitol | 16.1919 | 3.77E‐01 | 1.08E‐01 | −1.81E+00 | 7.84E‐05 |
| Uridine monophosphate (UMP) | 24.2838 | 4.53E‐02 | 1.26E‐01 | 1.48E+00 | 1.97E‐02 |
| Uracil | 12.2391 | 1.57E‐02 | 7.11E‐02 | 2.18E+00 | 2.94E‐03 |
| Uridine | 22.6655 | 7.55E‐04 | 1.53E‐03 | 1.02E+00 | 1.06E‐02 |
| Xanthosine | 24.2838 | 1.07E‐03 | 1.82E‐04 | −2.56E+00 | 4.95E‐02 |
| β‐alanine | 13.2484 | 3.79E‐02 | 1.86E‐02 | −1.03E+00 | 7.11E‐05 |
| Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) | 4.7442 | 4.03E‐01 | 2.53E‐01 | −6.72E‐01 | 1.22E‐04 |
| Glutathione metabolism | |||||
| L‐glutamate | 15.2758 | 6.10E‐03 | 1.55E‐02 | 1.35E+00 | 2.02E‐02 |
| 5‐oxoproline | 14.4595 | 3.84E‐01 | 7.26E‐01 | 9.19E‐01 | 1.17E‐02 |
| Glycine | 11.8509 | 2.22E+00 | 1.63E+00 | −4.46E‐01 | 2.26E‐02 |
| Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) | 4.7442 | 4.03E‐01 | 2.53E‐01 | −6.72E‐01 | 1.22E‐04 |
| Glutathione (GSH) | 17.7547 | 2.23E‐01 | 2.95E‐01 | 4.04E‐01 | 4.52E‐02 |
| γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) | 10.0654 | 6.19E‐03 | 1.53E‐02 | 1.31E+00 | 4.15E‐02 |
| Succinate | 11.8994 | 1.40E‐01 | 6.21E‐02 | −1.17E+00 | 2.41E‐03 |
| Cholesterol and bile acid biosynthesis | |||||
| Glycine | 11.8509 | 2.22E+00 | 1.63E+00 | −4.46E‐01 | 2.26E‐02 |
| Cholesterol | 10.7894 | 5.41E‐03 | 1.82E‐02 | 1.75E+00 | 4.35E‐03 |
| Cholate | 24.7399 | 2.30E+00 | 3.60E‐01 | −2.68E+00 | 2.68E‐04 |
The different cluster of metabolites identified by PCA analysis between wild‐type liver tissues (n = 8) and HCC (n = 8) was shown. The metabolites were classified into corresponding pathways analyzed in Figure 4. P < 0.05 means the significant difference. W, wild‐type liver; T, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); Fold change: log2 (T mean/W mean).