Skip to main content
. 2017 Sep 18;6(10):2471–2486. doi: 10.1002/cam4.1162

Table 1.

Abstracted data from selected studies

Author Year Study Design Total N (exposed and unexposed) N (exposed cases) Exposure Outcome Risk Estimate Lower 95% CI Upper 95% CI Time Period of Diagnosis Study Population Adjustment
Albin et al. 51 2000 Case‐control 333 cases; 351 controls 65 Ever AML 0.98 0.64 1.5 1976–1993 Adults Age, gender, and county
Altekruse et al. 30 1999 Cohort 547,586 207 Ever All leukemias 1.1 0.9 1.3 1982–1994 Women Age, race, smoking, education, occupation, and self‐reported exposure to X‐ray or fluoroscopic examinations, radium, radioactive isotopes, coal tar/asphalt, diesel exhaust, dyes, gasoline exhaust, pesticides, textiles, and dusts
453,302 69 1–9 years All leukemias 0.9 0.7 1.2
432,903 78 10–19 years All leukemias 1.2 0.9 1.5
409,085 60 20 +  years All leukemias 1.3 1 1.7
Benavente et al. 19 2005 Case–control 577 cases; 616 controls 37 Ever CLL 2.3 1.1 4.7 1998–2002 Adults Pathology center, gender, age, and house ownership
113 cases; 520 controls 27 Before 1980 CLL 3.5 1.5 7.8
96 cases; 525 controls 10 After 1980 CLL 1.5 0.6 3.6
110 cases; 546 controls 24 Dark CLL 2.3 1.1 4.9
103 cases; 510 controls 17 Light CLL 2.9 1.3 6.8
121 cases; 589 controls 35 Permanent CLL 3.4 1.4 7.8
89 cases; 456 controls 3 Semi‐permanent CLL 1.6 0.4 6.6
92 cases; 502 controls 6 ≤10 years CLL 1.1 0.4 3
98 cases; 481 controls 12 11–24 years CLL 3.2 1.3 8.2
105 cases; 491 controls 19 ≥25 years CLL 3.7 1.5 8.9
Bjork et al. 34 2001 Case‐control 226 cases; 251 controls 25 Ever CML 0.35 0.18 0.68 1976–1993 Adults Gender, age, and county
Cantor et al. 52 1988 Case‐control 577 cases; 1245 controls 43 Ever All leukemias 1.8 1.1 2.7 1980–1983 Men State of residence, and age
143 cases; 1245 controls 7 Ever ANL 1.1 0.5 2.6
243 cases; 1245 controls 14 Ever CLL 1.4 0.7 2.6
51 cases; 1245 controls 5 Ever CML 2.2 0.7 6.2
16 cases; 1245 controls 2 Ever ALL 2.9 0.4 13.8
de Sanjose et al. 3 2006 Case‐control 407 cases; 2417 controls 127 Ever CLL 1.43 1.01 2.03 1998–2003 Adults Center, gender, educational level, home ownership, and age
Grodstein et al. 53 1994 Cohort 99,067 8 Ever CLL 0.6 0.3 1.5 1976–1990 Women Age
99,067 8 Ever AML/CML/ALL 0.8 0.3 1.9
Karakosta et al. 20 2015 Case–control 171 cases; 175 controls 33 Ever CLL 0.99 0.57 1.71 NR Adults Age, gender, ethnicity, area of residence, and family history of malignancy
Markovic‐Denic et al. 50 1995 Case‐control 130 cases; 130 controls 11 Ever CLL 1.97 1.08 3.59 1989 Adults Gender, age, place of residence, area of residence, and income
Markowitz et al. 33 1985 Case‐control 101 cases; 101 controls NR Ever ANL 3.1 NR NR 1980–1982 Adults Matched (unspecified)
Mele et al. 31 1994 Case‐control 252 cases; 1161 controls NR Ever AML 1.2 0.4 4 1987–1990 Men Age, education, and residence
156 cases; 1161 controls NR Ever CML 2.1 0.7 6.2
252 cases; 1161 controls NR Dark AML 1.6 0.4 5.5
156 cases; 1161 controls NR Light CML 2 0.2 28.1
156 cases; 1161 controls NR Dark CML 2.1 0.6 7.2
252 cases; 1161 controls NR Ever AML 1 0.7 1.3 Women
100 cases; 1161 controls NR Ever ALL 1.2 0.8 1.8
156 cases; 1161 controls NR Ever CML 1 0.6 1.5
252 cases; 1161 controls NR Light AML 0.7 0.4 1.2
252 cases; 1161 controls NR Dark AML 1.2 0.7 2
100 cases; 1161 controls NR Light ALL 1.4 0.6 3.1
100 cases; 1161 controls NR Dark ALL 1.2 0.6 2.5
156 cases; 1161 controls NR Light CML 1 0.4 2.1
156 cases; 1161 controls NR Dark CML 1.1 0.6 2.2
252 cases; 1161 controls NR ≤10 years AML 0.7 0.4 1.2
252 cases; 1161 controls NR >10 years AML 1.6 0.8 3
100 cases; 1161 controls NR ≤10 years ALL 1.2 0.6 2.3
100 cases; 1161 controls NR >10 years ALL 2 0.7 5.7
156 cases; 1161 controls NR ≤10 years CML 0.9 0.5 1.8
156 cases; 1161 controls NR >10 years CML 0.8 0.3 2.2
Mele et al. 32 1995 Case‐control 36 cases; 1161 controls NR Ever APL 1.5 0.6 3.7 1986–1990 Adults Age, gender, education, and residence
216 cases; 1161 controls NR Ever Other AML 0.8 0.5 1.3
Mendelsohn et al. 21 2009 Cohort 29 9 Ever Leukemia 0.68 0.31 1.51 1996–2000 Women Age, education, and smoking
22 2 1–2 years Leukemia 0.31 0.07 1.31
24 4 3–4 years Leukemia 1.05 0.36 3.12
22 2 5–9 years Leukemia 1.05 0.24 4.56
21 1 ≥10 years Leukemia 0.89 0.12 6.76
Miligi et al. 54 1999 Case‐control NR NR Ever Leukemia 0.9 0.7 1.3 NR Adults Age
NR NR Permanent Leukemia 1.2 0.9 1.7
NR NR Dark Leukemia 2 1.1 3.8
Miligi et al. 22 2005 Case‐control NR 6 Ever Leukemia 0.6 0.3 1.6 NR Men Age and smoking
NR 4 Permanent Leukemia 1.2 0.3 4.1
NR 3 Brown Leukemia 1.9 0.4 10.4
NR 140 Ever Leukemia 1 0.7 1.3 Women
NR 114 Permanent Leukemia 1.2 0.9 1.6
NR 20 Black Leukemia 1.9 1 3.4
NR 39 Brown Leukemia 1.2 0.7 1.8
NR 10 Red Leukemia 1 0.4 2.1
NR 85 Permanent All (excluding CLL) 1.1 0.8 1.6
NR 38 Non‐permanent All (excluding CLL) 0.9 0.6 1.4
NR 37 Permanent CLL 1.5 0.9 2.4
NR 12 Non‐permanent CLL 0.9 0.4 1.8
NR 43 Blonde Leukemia 0.9 0.6 1.3
NR 41 Permanent Lymphocytic 1.3 0.8 2.2
NR 14 Non‐permanent Lymphocytic 0.9 0.4 1.6
NR 58 Permanent Myelocytic 1.1 0.7 1.6
NR 24 Non‐permanent Myelocytic 0.8 0.5 1.4
Rauscher et al. 55 2004 Case‐control 769 cases; 623 controls 185 Ever Leukemia 1.3 0.99 1.8 1986–1989 Adults Age, race, gender, geographic region, and education
596 cases; 509 controls 12 Temporary Leukemia 0.93 0.41 2.1
630 cases; 537 controls 47 Semi‐permanent Leukemia 1.1 0.7 1.7
671 cases; 546 controls 104 Permanent Leukemia 1.6 1.1 2.4
109 cases Permanent Lymphoblastic 2 0.87 4.6
515 cases Permanent Myelocytic 1.6 1.1 2.5
601 cases; 508 controls 17 1–4 years (permanent) Leukemia 1.6 0.6 2.9
600 cases; 511 controls 16 1–4 years (semi‐permanent) Leukemia 1 0.48 2.1
613 cases; 515 controls 29 5–14 years (permanent) Leukemia 1.5 0.78 2.7
608 cases; 514 controls 24 5–14 years (semi‐permanent) Leukemia 1.3 0.67 2.5
623 cases; 516 controls 39 ≥15 years (permanent) Leukemia 1.9 1.1 3.6
605 cases; 516 controls 21 ≥15 years (semi‐permanent) Leukemia 1 0.52 2
604 cases; 522 controls 50 Light (permanent) Leukemia 1.8 1.1 3.1
609 cases; 511 controls 25 Dark (permanent) Leukemia 1.6 0.78 3.2
606 cases; 522 controls 22 Light (semi‐permanent) Leukemia 0.79 0.42 1.5
612 cases; 519 controls 28 Dark (semi‐permanent) Leukemia 1.2 0.65 2.1
629 cases; 522 controls 45 Before 1970 (permanent) Leukemia 1.7 0.98 3
611 cases; 512 controls 27 1970–1979 (permanent) Leukemia 1.6 0.83 3.1
597 cases; 506 controls 13 After 1979 (permanent) Leukemia 1.2 0.51 2.9
621 cases; 519 controls 37 Before 1970 (semi‐permanent) Leukemia 1.6 0.87 2.8
603 cases; 515 controls 19 1970–1979 (semi‐permanent) Leukemia 0.98 0.5 1.9
589 cases; 508 controls 5 After 1979 (semi‐permanent) Leukemia 0.41 0.14 1.2
Sandler et al. 56 1993 Case‐control 615 cases; 630 controls NR Ever Leukemia 1.5 1.1 2.1 NR Adults Age, race, gender, smoking, and income
NR NR Permanent Leukemia 1.6 1 2.4
NR NR Semi‐permanent Leukemia 1.4 0.9 2.1
NR NR Temporary Leukemia 1.2 0.3 4
NR NR ≥16 years Leukemia 2.6 NR NR
Skibola et al. 23 2014 Case‐control 38 cases; 4680 controls 27 Ever ALL 1 0.48 2.11 NR Adults Age and gender
13 cases; 2100 controls 2 Temporary ALL 2 0.36 11.02
35 cases; 4245 controls 24 Permanent ALL 0.94 0.44 2.03
22 cases; 2654 controls 11 Light ALL 1.39 0.57 3.34
24 cases; 3523 controls 13 Dark ALL 0.82 0.35 1.89
23 cases; 2650 controls 12 1–8 years ALL 0.83 0.34 2.02
19 cases; 2413 controls 8 9–19 years ALL 1.06 0.40 2.80
14 cases; 2491 controls 3 20+ years ALL 0.7 0.18 2.71
16 cases; 2863 controls 5 Before 1980 ALL 1.07 0.33 3.5
30 cases; 2702 controls 19 After 1980 ALL 1.23 0.5 3
Slager et al. 24 2014 Case‐control 404 cases; 4122 controls 284 Ever CLL/SLL 1.08 0.86 1.37 Until 2011 Adults Age, gender, race, and study
134 cases; 1447 controls 14 Temporary CLL/SLL 0.74 0.41 1.34
379 cases; 3621 controls 259 Permanent CLL/SLL 1.16 0.91 1.48
218 cases; 2135 controls 98 Light CLL/SLL 1.13 0.84 1.51
292 cases; 2918 controls 172 Dark CLL/SLL 1.11 0.86 1.44
192 cases; 2162 controls 72 1–8 years CLL/SLL 1 0.71 1.42
191 cases; 1918 controls 71 9–19 years CLL/SLL 1.22 0.86 1.72
215 cases; 2011 controls 95 ≥20 years CLL/SLL 1.26 0.92 1.73
247 cases; 2136 controls 127 Before 1980 CLL/SLL 1.36 1 1.86
216 cases; 2231 controls 96 After 1980 CLL/SLL 1.06 0.76 1.46
Thun et al. 29 1994 Cohort 85 16 Ever Lymphoid 0.77 0.44 1.35 1982–1989 Women Age
74 5 1–9 years Lymphoid 0.71 0.27 1.86
76 7 10–19 years Lymphoid 0.91 0.4 2.08
73 4 ≥20 years Lymphoid 0.67 0.24 1.86
198 49 Ever Myeloid and Monocytic 0.93 0.67 1.3
169 20 1–9 years Myeloid and Monocytic 1.02 0.61 1.69
168 19 10–19 years Myeloid and Monocytic 0.97 0.6 1.58
159 10 ≥20 years Myeloid and Monocytic 0.79 0.42 1.51
82 18 Ever Other 1.01 0.57 1.79
73 9 1–9 years Other 1.66 0.76 3.61
71 7 10–19 years Other 0.87 0.38 2.02
66 2 ≥20 years Other 0.47 0.11 2.08
Vedel‐Krogh et al. 25 2016 Cohort 45 5 Ever Leukaemia 0.40 0.16 1.02 1976–1978 Women Age, birth year, BMI, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, marital status, education, income, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC
Wong et al. 27 2009 Case‐control 263 cases; 530 controls NR Ever AML 0.98 0.8 1.2 2003–2007 Adults Age and gender
Wong et al. 28 2010 Case‐control 15 cases; 56 controls NR Ever CLL/SLL 0.37 0.18 0.76 2003–2008 Adults Age and gender
Zahm et al. 57 1992 Case‐control 37 cases; 723 controls 3 Ever CLL 1 0.2 3.8 1983–1986 Men Age
35 cases; 682 controls 1 Semi or non‐permanent CLL 3.2 0.1 28.6
19 cases; 695 controls 9 Ever CLL 1 0.3 2.6 Women
17 cases; 623 controls 7 Semi or non‐permanent CLL 0.9 0.3 2.8
12 cases; 482 controls 2 Permanent CLL 0.8 0.1 4
11 cases; 414 controls 1 Blonde (semi‐ or nonpermanent) CLL 1.1 0.05 9.1
14 cases; 511 controls 4 Brown/brunette (semi‐ or nonpermanent) CLL 1 0.3 3.6
12 cases; 416 controls 2 Brown/brunette (permanent) CLL 1.8 0.3 9.9
Zhang et al. 26 2008 Case‐control 324 cases 244 Ever CLL/SLL 1.3 1 1.6 1988–2003 Women Age, race, and study center
243 cases 163 Permanent CLL/SLL 1.2 0.9 1.6
181 cases 101 Nonpermanent CLL/SLL 1.3 0.9 1.7
228 cases 148 Dark CLL/SLL 1.2 0.9 1.7
184 cases 104 Light CLL/SLL 1.3 0.9 1.8
239 cases 159 Before 1980 CLL/SLL 1.5 1.1 2
164 cases 84 After 1980 CLL/SLL 1.3 1 1.7
NR NR ≥20 years CLL/SLL 1.3 1 1.8

AML, acute myeloid leukemia; ALL, acute lymphocytic leukemia; CML, chronic myeloid leukemia; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CLL/SLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma; NR, not reported.