Table 1.
Biochemical, clinical characteristics, TMAO and inflammatory mediators serum levels and PBMC relative expression of FOXP3 in both study groups.
| CAD-DM2 N = 16 | CAD-NDM2 N = 16 | P∗ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.63 ± 9.15 | 58.75 ± 8.15 | 0.355 |
| Gender, n (M/F) | 13/3 | 13/3 | 0.652 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.89 ± 6.04 | 29.23 ± 3.28 | 0.132 |
| Risk factors, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 13 (81.25%) | 7 (43.75%) | 0.070 |
| Dyslipidemia | 10 (62.5%) | 4 (25%) | 0.075 |
| Diabetes | 16 (100%) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking | 13 (81.25%) | 12 (75%) | 0.999 |
| CVA | 1 (6.25%) | 1 (6.25%) | 0.715 |
| Medication, n (%) | |||
| Aspirin | 10 (62.5%) | 6 (37.5%) | 0.289 |
| Statin | 7 (43.75%) | 4 (25%) | 0.457 |
| ACEI/ARB | 8 (50%) | 6 (37.5%) | 0.722 |
| Beta-blocker | 10 (62.5%) | 8 (50%) | 0.722 |
| Biochemical data | |||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 179.0 ± 30.28 | 163.63 ± 29.05 | 0.153 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 28.68 ± 7.32 | 36.81 ± 8.68 | 0.008 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 104.7 ± 22.42 | 98.85 ± 23.51 | 0.192 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 200.37 ± 32.57 | 136.39 ± 35.9 | 0.001 |
| HbA1c | 7.70 ± 1.35 | 5.05 ± 0.56 | 0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 153.40 ± 13.69 | 100.42 ± 16.02 | 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 9.91 ± 2.89 | 3.89 ± 0.98 | 0.001 |
| GOT (U/l) | 34.25 ± 6.70 | 30.21 ± 5.77 | 0.078 |
| GPT (U/l) | 45.0 ± 8.05 | 41.68 ± 6.60 | 0.135 |
| GGT (U/l) | 47.27 ± 16.00 | 44.20 ± 13.84 | 0.566 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 9.65 ± 1.59 | 9.50 ± 2.82 | 0.854 |
| TMAO (ng/ml) | 31.64 ± 8.5 | 16.26 ± 5.42 | 0.001 |
| IL-1B (pg/ml) | 120.41 ± 39.75 | 90.75 ± 37.23 | 0.037 |
| IL-10 (pg/ml) | 134.32 ± 36.24 | 162.31 ± 34.75 | 0.033 |
| Foxp3 relative expression | 0.27 ± 0.07 | 0.80 ± 0.15 | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; GOT, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; GPT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, TMAO: trimethylamine N-oxide; L-1β, interleukin-1β; CRP, C-reactive protein; Foxp3, Forkhead box P3. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. ∗P < 0.05.