Table 1.
Sample demographic information as a function of group
| At baseline | Control N at T0 = 100 |
Intervention N at T0 = 344 | Independent samples t-test |
Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | P | d | ||
| Female N (%) | 63 (63%) | 238 (69.2%) | (χ2) = .24 | n/a |
| Baseline age | 62.49 (6.24) | 59.59 (6.77) | <.001∗∗ | 1.14 |
| Prior CR | −0.36 (2.28) | 0.14 (2.26) | .054 | 0.33 |
| WTAR Est FSIQ | 112.49 (5.05) | 112.56 (5.49) | .908 | 0.03 |
| Prior education (years) | 13.53 (2.65) | 14.28 (2.69) | .015∗ | 0.46 |
| LEQ young adult specific | 15.22 (7.08) | 16.16 (7.82) | .282 | 0.34 |
| LEQ young adult nonspecific | 24.62 (5.28) | 24.98 (5.47) | .560 | 0.16 |
| LEQ midlife specific | 19.22 (4.76) | 18.83 (5.01) | .486 | 0.18 |
| LEQ midlife nonspecific | 24.45 (4.37) | 24.53 (4.37) | .898 | 0.04 |
| LEQ midlife continuing education | 7.49 (7.47) | 10.75 (8.34) | <.001∗∗ | 1.16 |
| DRS-2 AEMSS | 11.91 (2.27) | 11.93 (2.10) | .943 | 0.01 |
| HADS–anxiety | 5.51 (2.91) | 5.24 (3.14) | .444 | 0.16 |
| HADS–depression | 2.82 (2.32) | 2.42 (2.27) | .125 | 0.26 |
| LMI immediate recall total | 47.34 (7.63) | 48.45 (8.42) | .237 | 0.39 |
| LMII delayed recall total | 29.79 (6.40) | 30.15 (6.50) | .621 | 0.14 |
| RAVLT 1–5 recall total | 51.97 (8.55) | 53.60 (8.92) | .106 | 0.55 |
| PAL first trial memory score | 17.73 (3.78) | 18.60 (3.15) | .022∗ | 0.47 |
| Letter-Number Sequencing | 11.45 (2.56) | 11.68 (2.33) | .415 | 0.15 |
| Digit Span | 11.96 (2.90) | 11.83 (2.82) | .677 | 0.08 |
| SSP Length | 5.51 (1.12) | 5.83 (1.21) | .018∗ | 0.30 |
| SWM between errors | 26.86 (19.27) | 25.53 (18.49) | .530 | 0.31 |
| RVP A′ | 0.9052 (0.057) | 0.9145 (0.046) | .093 | 0.04 |
| Stroop C time | 26.89 (8.17) | 25.91 (7.58) | .260 | 0.04 |
| Vocabulary | 56.06 (6.53) | 57.25 (5.40) | .066 | 0.05 |
| Comprehension | 25.84 (3.82) | 26.43 (3.06) | .112 | 0.32 |
| Boston Naming Test | 57.62 (2.21) | 57.69 (3.15) | .845 | 0.04 |
Abbreviations: CR, cognitive reserve; DRS-2 AEMSS, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale age- and education-corrected Mayo scaled score; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; LEQ, Lifetime Experience Questionnaire; LM, Logical Memory; PAL, Paired Associates Learning; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; RVP, Rapid Visual Processing; SD, standard deviation; SSP, Spatial Span; SWM, Spatial Working Memory; WTAR (Est FSIQ), Wechsler Test of Adult Reading Scale estimated full-scale IQ.
NOTE. ∗P <.05; ∗∗P <.01.